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E3 Chap 04

The document discusses several paradigm shifts in human-computer interaction including batch processing, time-sharing, graphical displays, personal computing, direct manipulation, hypertext, computer supported cooperative work, the World Wide Web, ubiquitous computing, and sensor-based and context-aware interaction. New computing technologies arrive and create new perceptions of the human-computer relationship.

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32 views

E3 Chap 04

The document discusses several paradigm shifts in human-computer interaction including batch processing, time-sharing, graphical displays, personal computing, direct manipulation, hypertext, computer supported cooperative work, the World Wide Web, ubiquitous computing, and sensor-based and context-aware interaction. New computing technologies arrive and create new perceptions of the human-computer relationship.

Uploaded by

amta nadeem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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chapter 4

paradigms
why study paradigms

Concerns
– how can an interactive system be developed
to ensure its usability?
– how can the usability of an interactive
system be demonstrated or measured?

History of interactive system design


provides paradigms for usable designs
What are Paradigms

• Predominant theoretical frameworks or


scientific world views
– e.g., Aristotelian, Newtonian, Einsteinian
(relativistic) paradigms in physics
• Understanding HCI history is largely about
understanding a series of paradigm shifts
– Not all listed here are necessarily “paradigm” shifts,
but are at least candidates
– History will judge which are true shifts
Paradigms of interaction

New computing technologies arrive,


creating a new perception of the
human—computer relationship.
We can trace some of these shifts in
the history of interactive technologies.
The initial paradigm

• Batch processing

Impersonal computing
Example Paradigm Shifts

• Batch processing
• Time-sharing

Interactive computing
Example Paradigm Shifts

• Batch processing @#$% !


• Timesharing
• Networking

???

Community computing
Example Paradigm Shifts

• Batch processingC…P… filename Move this file here,


• Timesharing dot star… or was
it R…M?
and copy this to there.

• Networking
• Graphical displays % foo.bar
ABORT
dumby!!!

Direct manipulation
Example Paradigm Shifts

• Batch processing
• Timesharing
• Networking
• Graphical display
• Microprocessor

Personal computing
Example Paradigm Shifts

• Batch processing
• Timesharing
• Networking
• Graphical display
• Microprocessor
• WWW

Global information
Example Paradigm Shifts

• Batch processing • A symbiosis of physical


and electronic worlds in
• Timesharing service of everyday
activities.
• Networking
• Graphical display
• Microprocessor
• WWW
• Ubiquitous
Computing
Time-sharing

• 1940s and 1950s – explosive technological


growth

• 1960s – need to channel the power

• J.C.R. Licklider at ARPA

• single computer supporting multiple users


Video Display Units

• more suitable medium than paper

• 1962 – Sutherland's Sketchpad

• computers for visualizing and manipulating


data

• one person's contribution could drastically


change the history of computing
Programming toolkits

• Engelbart at Stanford Research Institute

• 1963 – augmenting man's intellect

• 1968 NLS/Augment system demonstration

• the right programming toolkit provides


building blocks to producing complex
interactive systems
Personal computing

• 1970s – Papert's LOGO language for simple


graphics programming by children

• A system is more powerful as it becomes


easier to user

• Future of computing in small, powerful


machines dedicated to the individual

• Kay at Xerox PARC – the Dynabook as the


ultimate personal computer
Window systems and the
WIMP interface
• humans can pursue more than one task at a
time

• windows used for dialogue partitioning, to


“change the topic”

• 1981 – Xerox Star first commercial windowing


system

• windows, icons, menus and pointers now


familiar interaction mechanisms
Metaphor

• relating computing to other real-world activity


is effective teaching technique
– LOGO's turtle dragging its tail
– file management on an office desktop
– word processing as typing
– financial analysis on spreadsheets
– virtual reality – user inside the metaphor

• Problems
– some tasks do not fit into a given metaphor
– cultural bias
Direct manipulation

• 1982 – Shneiderman describes appeal of


graphically-based interaction
– visibility of objects
– incremental action and rapid feedback
– reversibility encourages exploration
– syntactic correctness of all actions
– replace language with action

• 1984 – Apple Macintosh


• the model-world metaphor
• What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG)
Language versus Action

• actions do not always speak louder than


words!
• DM – interface replaces underlying
system
• language paradigm
• interface as mediator
• interface acts as intelligent agent
• programming by example is both action
and language
Hypertext

• 1945 – Vannevar Bush and the memex

• key to success in managing explosion of


information

• mid 1960s – Nelson describes hypertext as


non-linear browsing structure

• hypermedia and multimedia

• Nelson's Xanadu project still a dream today


Multimodality

• a mode is a human communication


channel

• emphasis on simultaneous use of


multiple channels for input and output
Computer Supported
Cooperative Work (CSCW)

• CSCW removes bias of single user /


single computer system

• Can no longer neglect the social aspects

• Electronic mail is most prominent


success
The World Wide Web

• Hypertext, as originally realized, was a


closed system
• Simple, universal protocols (e.g. HTTP)
and mark-up languages (e.g. HTML)
made publishing and accessing easy
• Critical mass of users lead to a
complete transformation of our
information economy.
Agent-based Interfaces

• Original interfaces
– Commands given to computer
– Language-based
• Direct Manipulation/WIMP
– Commands performed on “world” representation
– Action based
• Agents - return to language by instilling
proactivity and “intelligence” in command
processor
– Avatars, natural language processing
Ubiquitous Computing

“The most profound technologies are those that


disappear.”
Mark Weiser, 1991

Late 1980’s: computer was very apparent

How to make it disappear?


– Shrink and embed/distribute it in the physical world
– Design interactions that don’t demand our intention
Sensor-based and Context-
aware Interaction
• Humans are good at recognizing the
“context” of a situation and reacting
appropriately
• Automatically sensing physical
phenomena (e.g., light, temp, location,
identity) becoming easier
• How can we go from sensed physical
measures to interactions that behave as
if made “aware” of the surroundings?

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