DISASTER MANAGEMENT

3150913

Module : 1

Vijay Desle
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Babaria Institute of Technology 1
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 Scope
Scope
• Introduction
• Definition
• Classification & Types of Disasters
• Disaster Management
• Disaster Preparedness
• Medical and Public Health Response
• Public Health Impact of Disaster
• Disaster Mitigation
• Recent Disasters in India
• Disaster Management in India
• Areas of Concerns and Future
• References

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 WHAT IS A DISASTER ?
•A disaster is a natural or manmade event
which results in widespread human loss, loss
of livelihood, property and life.

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 Definition

Disaster -
Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption,
loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services
on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response
from outside the affected community or area.(WHO)
OR
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or
man made that causes human suffering and creates human
needs that victim cannot alleviate without assistance.
(American Red Cross)

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 What is Hazards?
• In simple terms, a hazard is a dangerous
situation or event that carries a threat to
humans.
• A disaster is an event that actually harms
humans and disrupts the operations of society.
• Hazards will be considered disasters once
they affect humans, but if they occur in an
unpopulated area, they will remain hazards.

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 Definition
Hazard -
Any phenomenon that has the potential to cause
disruption or damage to people and their environment.

“A hazard is natural event while the disaster is its

consequence. A hazard is perceived natural event which
threatens both life and property……
A disaster is a realization of this hazard.”
-John Whittow

• When hazard involves elements of risks, vulnerabilities and

capacities, they can turn into disasters.

• Hazards may be inevitable but disasters can be prevented.

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 Vulnerability
Vulnerability

The propensity of things to be damaged by a hazard.

Definition:
• Degree to which people, property, resources,
systems, and cultural, economic, environmental, and
social activates is susceptible to harm, degradation,
or destruction on being exposed to a
hostile agent or factor.

*Vulnerability ---the quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked
or harmed, either physically or emotionally

*propensity --- natural tendency to behave in a particular way.8

 Vulnerability
Vulnerability

The propensity of things to be damaged by a hazard.

Capacity to cope

High Low

Low
High

High
Exposure to Vulnerability
Hazard
Low

Low
Very low

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 Disaster occurs when hazards meet vulnerability
Progression
Progressionofofvulnerability
vulnerability
Risk =
Root Unsafe
Unsafeconditions
Hazard + Hazards
Hazards
Rootcauses
causes Dynamic
Dynamicpressures
pressures conditions
vulnerability
Fragile
Fragilephysical
physical
Lack
Lackofof–– environment
•Local environment Earthquake
•Localinstitutes
institutes •Dangerous
•Dangerous
Earthquake
•Training NOT PREVENTED High
Highwinds
winds
•Training locations
locations
•Appropriate Hurricane
•Appropriateskills
skills •Unprotected
•Unprotected
Hurricane
•Local investment Cyclone
Cyclone
Limited •Local investment buildings
buildings&&
Limited •Local Typhoon
Access •Localmarket
market infrastructure Typhoon
Accesstoto- - •Media infrastructure Flood
• • Power •Mediafreedom
freedom Flood
Power •Ethical standards Volcanic
Volcanic- -
• • Structure •Ethical standards Fragile
Fragilelocal
local
Structure ininpublic eruptions
publiclife
life -economy
-economy
eruptions
Landslides
Landslides
•• •Livelihoods
•Livelihoodsatatrisk
risk
Macro Drought
Resources Macroforces-
forces- •Low income
•Low income
Drought
Resources •Rapid population Virus
Virus
•Rapid population levels
levels
growth Bacteria
Bacteria
Ideologies- growth
Ideologies- •Rapid Pests
Pests
• • Political •Rapid Vulnerable
Vulnerablesociety
Political- - urbanization society Fire
Fire
urbanization •Special
•Special groupsatat
groups
•Arms Chemicals
Chemicals
system •Arms
system expenditure Radiation
Radiation
• • Economic expenditure risk
risk
Economic •Debt Armed
Armed- -
- - system •Debtrepayments
repayments
system •Deforestation conflicts
conflicts
•Deforestation Public
Publicactions
actions
•Decline
•Declineininsoil
soil •Lack of
productivity •Lack of
productivity preparedness
preparedness
•Endemic
•Endemicdisease
disease
Classification of Disasters

Natural Man made

Disasters Disasters

Meteorological Technological

Topographical Industrial

Environmental Warfare

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 Natural
Natural Disasters
Disasters
Meteorological Topographical Environmental
Disasters Disasters Disasters

• Floods • Earthquake • Global

• Tsunami • Volcanic warming
• Cyclone Eruptions • El Niño-
• Hurricane • Landslides Southern
• Typhoon and Oscillation
• Snow storm Avalanches • Ozone
• Asteroids depletion-
• Blizzard UVB
• Limnic
• Hail storm Radiation
eruptions
• Solar flare

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 Man
Man made
made Disasters
Disasters

Technological Industrial
Industrial Warfare
Warfare
Technological

• Transport • Chemical • War

failure spills • Terrorism
• Public place • Radioactive • Internal
failure spills conflicts
• Fire • Civil unrest
• CBRNE

Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive

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 Disaster
Disaster Management
Management

• The body of policy and administrative

decisions and operational activities that pertain
to various stages of a disaster at all levels.
• An applied science which seeks, by systemic
observation and analysis of disasters, to
improve measures relating to prevention,
emergency response, recovery and mitigation.
• Encompasses all aspects of planning for, and
responding to disasters, including both pre and
post disaster activities.
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 Disaster
Disaster Management
Management
A continuous and integrated process of planning,
organizing, coordinating and implementing measures
which are necessary or expedient for;
● Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.
● Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or
consequences.
● Capacity-building.
● Preparedness to deal with any disaster.
● Prompt response to any threatening disaster
situation or disaster.
● Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any
disaster.
● Evacuation, rescue and relief. 15
● Rehabilitation and reconstruction.
PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster Preparedness

Disaster Impact

Disaster Response

Disaster Recovery

Disaster Mitigation
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Activities that reduce Activities prior to a
effects of disasters disaster.
• Building codes & • Preparedness plans
zoning • Emergency exercises
• Vulnerability Prepared- • Training,
analyses ness • Warning systems
• Public education

Integrated
Mitigation Disaster Response
Management

Activities during a
Activities following a
disaster.
disaster.
• Temporary Recovery • Public warning
systems
housing
• Emergency
• Claims processing
operations
• Grants
• Search & rescue 17
• Medical care
 Disaster Mitigation
Disaster Mitigation –
• Prevention of hazards developing into disasters
• Reduce effects of disasters
• Focuses on long term measures
• Is part of recovery process
• Actions
- structural – use technology
- Non structural –legislation
• Most cost effective
• Necessary identification of risk
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 Disaster Preparedness
Disaster preparedness - is ongoing multisectoral
activity.
• Integral part of the national system responsible for
developing plans and programmes for
disaster management,
prevention,
mitigation,
response,
rehabilitation and
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 Disaster Preparedness

Co-ordination of a variety of sectors to carry out-

 Evaluation of the risk.
 Adopt standards and regulations.
 Organize communication and response mechanism.
 Ensure all resources- ready and easily mobilized.
 Develop public education programmes.
 Coordinate information with news media.
 Disaster simulation exercises.
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 Medical Preparedness &
Mass Casualty Management
Developing and capacity building of medical team
for Trauma & psycho-social care,
Mass casualty management and Triage*.
Determine casualty handling capacity of all hospitals.
Formulate appropriate treatment procedures.
Involvement of private hospitals.
Mark would be care centers that can function as a
medical units.
Identify structural integrity and approach routes.

Triage* - (in medical use) the assignment of degrees of urgency to wounds or

illnesses to decide the order of treatment of a large number of patients or
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casualties.
Disaster Response
Immediate reaction to disaster as the disaster is
anticipated, or soon after it begins in order to
assess the needs, reduce the suffering, limit the
spread and consequences of the disaster, open up
the way to rehabilitation.
By-
 Mass evacuation
 Search and rescue
 Emergency medical services
 Securing food and water
 Maintenance of Law & Order
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Disaster Impact & Response

Search, Rescue and First

Aid
Field care

Triage

Tagging

Identification of dead
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 Medical and Public Health response
• Pre-hospital emergency services -
 Linkage to govt. incident command system.
 External medical services and extrication workers.
 Search and Rescue teams.
• Assessment of immediate health needs.
• Identification of medical & health resources.
• Temporary field treatment
Prompt and proper treatment to save lives.
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 Consequences of Disaster

Health -
Physical – Entanglement, Injuries, Disabilities,
Coma ,Death.
Psychological- Cognitive, Behavioral, Social.

Structural Damage – to variable extent.

Ecological- Changes in eco system.

Economical-Financial losses.
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 Disaster Recovery
Repatriation - after the emergency is over, displaced
people return to their place of origin.

Rehabilitation -restoration of basic social functions.

Providing temporary shelters,
Stress debriefing for responders and victims,
Economic Rehabilitation,
Psycho-social Rehabilitation,
Scientific Damage Assessment,

Elements of recovery
Community recovery (including psychological).
Infrastructure recovery (services and lifelines).
Economy recovery ( financial, political).
Environment recovery. 26
 Reconstruction
Reconstruction
Rebuilding homes.
Permanently repairing and rebuilding infrastructures.
Elements -
Owner Driven Reconstruction.
Speedy Reconstruction.
Linking Reconstruction with Safe Development.

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 Disaster Mitigation

Permanent reduction of risk of a disaster,

to limit impact on human suffering and economic
assets.
Primary mitigation - reducing hazard & vulnerability.
Secondary mitigation- reducing effects of hazard.

Components:
Reducing hazard - protection against threat removing the
cause of threat.
Reducing vulnerability - reducing the effect of threat

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 Components of Disaster Mitigation
Hazard identification and mapping –
Assessment – Estimating probability of a damaging
phenomenon of given magnitude in a given area.

Considerations-
History
Probability of various intensities
Maximum threat
Possible secondary hazards

Vulnerability analysis –
A process which results in an understanding of the types
and levels of exposure of persons, property, and the
environment to the effects of identified hazards at a
particular time.
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 Components of Disaster Mitigation
Risk analysis –
Determining nature and scale of losses which can be
anticipated in a particular area.

Involves analysis of
Probability of a hazard of a particular
magnitude.
Elements susceptible to potential loss/damage.
Nature of vulnerability.
Specified future time period.

Prevention –
Activities taken to prevent a natural phenomenon or
potential hazard from having harmful effects on either
people or economic assets.
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 Disaster
Disaster Mitigation
Mitigation Measures
Measures

Active measures Passive measures

•• Promotion
Promotion of of desired
desired •• Prevent
Prevent undesired
undesired
actions
actions by by -- actions
actions byby --
•• Planning
Planning control.
control. •• Requirement
Requirement to to conform
conform
•• Training
Training && education.
education. with
with design
design codes.
codes.
•• Economic •• Checking
Checking compliance
compliance of
Economic assistance.
assistance. of
•• Subsidies. controls
controls on
on site.
site.
Subsidies.
•• Facilities-refugee •• Court
Court proceedings
proceedings
Facilities-refugee points,
points,
storage. •• Fines,
Fines, Closure
Closure orders
orders
storage.
•• Public •• Control
Control land
land use.
Public information.
information. use.
•• Denial
Denial of
of utilities
utilities in
in
areas
areas development
development
undesired.
undesired. 31
Developments in Disaster Management

High Powered Committee set up in August 1999.

Until
Until 2001
2001 –– Responsibility
Responsibility with
withAgriculture
Agriculture Ministry.
Ministry.

Transferred
Transferredto
to Ministry
Ministryof
ofHome
HomeAffairs
Affairsin
inJune
June2002.
2002.

National Disaster Management Authority established 28th

National Disaster Management Authority established 28th
September 2005.
September 2005.
Inclusion of Disaster Management in the Seventh Schedule of
Inclusion of Disaster Management in the Seventh Schedule of
the Constitution.
the Constitution.

On 23 December, 2005, Disaster Management Act .

Changes in Disaster Management in India

Paradigm Response centric to Holistic &

Shift Integrated Approach

Backed Institutional
Legal Authority
By Framework

Supported Financial Creations of

By Mechanisms Separate Funds
 Institutional
Institutional Framework
Framework
Disaster Management Structure
NDMA Apex Body with Prime Minister as Chairperson.
National Executive Committee - Secretaries of 14 Ministries and Chief of
Integrated Defence Staff.

Centre Level
Central Ministries; National Disaster Management Authority,
National Institute of Disaster Management
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).

State Level
SDMA headed by Chief Minister.
State Executive Committee (SEC).

District Level
DDMA headed by District Magistrate.
Interface between Govt. and Public.
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Disaster Management in Development
• All new Projects/ Programmes will mandatorily have
inbuilt disaster resilience. (at conceptualization level).
 
• Planning Commission and the Ministry of Finance to
give approval to the projects only if disaster resilience
self certification is provided.
 
• Ongoing Projects to be revisited to include disaster
resilience audit.
 
• Infrastructural loans to be sanctioned by the Banks only
after due diligence on disaster resilience audit.
 

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Disaster Management in Development

• Existing Lifeline Projects to be selectively revisited

and retrofitted.
• Generation awareness by introduction of DM in
education.
• Documentation –India Disaster Report.
• Training at community-PRI & Local self Govt. members
 

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 Response
Response and
and Rescue
Rescue
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
Composition: 12 battalions

Tasks-
- Specialized Response during disasters.
- Well equipped and trained in search and rescue.
- Assist in Community Training & Preparedness.
- Impart basic and operation level training to SDRF.
- Proactive Deployment during impending disaster situations.
- Liaison, Rehearsals and Mock Drills.

  
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Suradevi &
Waregaon
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 References
1. Risk reduction and emergency Preparedness, WHO six-year strategy for the
health sector and community capacity development, ISBN 978 92 4 159589
6 © World Health Organization 2007.
2. Communicable diseases following natural disasters, Risk assessment and
priority interventions, World Health Organization 2006.
3. Disaster Prevention and Preparedness, LECTURE NOTES For Health Science
Students, Jimma University in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health
Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and
the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2006. Funded under USAID Cooperative
Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00.
4. Wallace/Maxcy-Rosenau-Last-Public Health & Preventive Medicine,
Fifteenth edition,2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; United States of
America.
5. K Park, Park’s Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine,22nd Edition
2013, Bhanot Publications, Jabalpur,India.
6. Position Paper on Crowd Management at Places of Mass Gatherings, 2013,
NDMA downloads, assessed on 01/12/2013.
7. THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005, NO. 53 OF 2005, 23rd December,
2005, enacted by Parliament in the Fifty-sixth Year of the Republic of India.
39
 References
8. Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT), Manual for
Participants, © World Health Organization 2005.
9. EMERGENCY SURGICAL CARE IN DISASTER SITUATIONS, WHO manual
Surgical Care at the District Hospital (SCDH), a part of the WHO
Integrated Management on Emergency and Essential Surgical Care
(IMEESC) tool kit.
10. The Global Platform for Disaster Reduction, The official agenda for the 4th
Session from Tuesday 21 to Thursday 23 May 2013,assessed on
05/012/2013.
11. National Policy on Disaster Management(NPDM) ,NDMA publication
online assessed on 07/12/2013.
12. Public Health Risk Assessment and Interventions, Typhoon Haiyan,16
November 2013.
13. National Disaster Management Guidelines, Preparation of State Disaster
Management Plans, July 2007,NDMA,GOI.
14. Disaster management and risk reduction: strategy and coordination; plan
2010-2011,International Federation of Red cross and Red Crescent
Societies.
15. http://reliefweb.int/ assessed on 09/01/2014
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Thank You!

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