GROUP 3

Language Variations
 Group members:

Ignacio, Catherine Joy Malamdag, Wawy

(1st reporter) (2nd reporter)
 Arro,Angielyn M. Agustin,Marlyn
(3rd reporter) (4th reporter)
Madrona,Kimberly Villaret,Erika
(5th reporter) (6th reporter)
Villarmino,Rizavell
(7th reporter)
LANGUAGE
VARIATIONS
HELLO!
I am Catherine Joy Ignacio
I am a Group 3 Reporter.
Email : [email protected]

7
“
I am always sorry when any
language is lost, because languages
are the pedigrees of nation.
- Samuel Johnson

8
 Different Set of
Domains in the study of
Linguistics.
9
Different set of domains in the
study of linguistics
Language
Language Universals
Dialect
◈ Idiolect

10
 Language Variation
Refers to regional, social, or
contextual differences in the ways
that a particular language is used.

11
VARIATION: Reasons
The factors that influence a speaker’s or writer’s choice of language vary,
and they include the context that surrounds the speaker or writer, the age,
gender, culture, etc. Very often, the choice of language is conscious, and
the speaker can switch the language choice depending on such factors.

12
 TYPES OF VARIATION IN
LANGUAGE
◈ Standard/Polite/Formal
◈ Colloquial/Informal
◈ Regional Dialect
◈ Social Dialect
◈ Lingua Franca
◈ Pidgin
◈ Creole
◈ Vernacular
◈ Patois
◈ Lingo
◈ Jargon
◈ Slang
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TYPES OF LANGUAGE
VARIATION
Standard/Polite/Formal Colloquial/Informal
– refers to language the – refers to the words or
sticks to the rules and is expressions used in
essentially presented as ordinary language by
the “proper” form of common people.
English

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TYPES OF LANGUAGE VARIATION
Regional Dialect Social Dialect Lingua Franca
– are varieties of – emerge like dialects, – is a common
language that emerge but with a specific class language used
based on regionally or culture, instead of a between people who
specific use. region. speak different
languages.

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TYPES OF LANGUAGE
VARIATION
Pidgin Creole Vernacular
– a simple form of a language – is a stable natural language – term used to describe
which speakers of a different that develops from the language as it is used naturally
language use to communicate. simplifying and mixing of by specific people.
different languages into a new
one within a fairly brief period
of time

Patois Lingo Jargon

– is speech or language that is – A term used to refer to any – refers to the body of words
considered nonstandard, wording or phrasing that is and phrases that apply to a
although the term is not specific to a certain group. specific activity or profession.
formally defined in linguistics.

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SLANG

It consists of words
subset of a and expressions It is used in
which will not be informal
language found in the
situations. It is
used by one dictionary, and can
not appropriate
be distortions of
particular existing words or in formal
group. entirely invented
terms. situations.

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HELLO!
I am Wawy T. Malamdag
I am here because I want to
share with you all about my
report.
[email protected]

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LANGUAGE
AND
REGION
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 OBJECTIVES:
To distinguish regional dialects , isoglosses, bundles and
boundaries.

To provide an accessible guide to regional variations in English.

To articulate about the Appalachian Dialect.

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DO YOU KNOW?
The word dialect comes from the
Ancient Greek dialectos “discourse
language, dialect,” which is derived
from dialegesthai “to discourse,
talk.”

21
“of“The real and natural life
langauge is its Dialects”
-Max Muller

22
WHAT IS A DIALECT?
◈ A dialect is a regional variation of language distinguished
by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, grammar, syntax and
pronunciation.
◈ Is generally, a particular form of language which is
peculiar to a specific region or social group.
◈ A variety of language that signals where a person comes
from.
◈ “Dialect gives characteristics a sense of authenticity”
◈ Are used to establish setting and provide local color.

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Example of Dialects in American English
 A Northern American  A Southern American
might say, “hello.” might say, “howdy”
 A Northern American  A Southern American
might say, “You guys” might say, “Y’ all”
 A Northern American  A Southern American
might say, “About to” might say, “Fixin’ to”

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“
Language varieties that are
defined in terms
geographical boundaries are
called Regional Dialect.

25
What is Regional Dialect?
 Is not a distinct language but, a variety of
language that is spoken in one particular area of a
country.
 Also known as “Regiolect or Topolect”
 A variety of language that is spoken in a
geographical area for many hundred years as seen
in differences in pronunciations, in the choices
and form of the word, and syntax.

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“ A Regional Dialect is a distinct form of a
language spoken in a particular geographical
area. If the form of speech transmitted from a
parent to a child is a distinct regional dialect, that
dialect is said to be the child's vernacular,
-Richard Nordquist

27
Example:
◈ In USA, Regional dialects include Appalachian,
New Jersey and Southern English and in Britain,
Cockney, Liverpool English and
‘Geordie’(Newcastle English)
◈ ‘Hillbilly English’ from the Appalachians in the
USA and, ‘Geordie from Newcastle upon Tyne in
the UK.

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The study of regional dialects, formally as;
Dialectology.
 Study of language in relation to dialects from
a regional angle.
 Got started to the United States around 1889
with the formation of the American Dialect
Society (ADS)
 Begun by Georg Wenker in 1876
 Also called “Dialect Geography”

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A dialectology,
to distinguish between two different
dialects of the same language (whose
speakers can usually understand each other)
and two different languages (whose
speakers can’t usually understand each
other).

30
 Relationship between isoglosses,
bundles, and boundaries.
◈ Isoglosses-where a particular linguistic form.
◈ Bundle of isoglosses-indicates that the speech
of that particular group is different in a number
of ways from the other groups.
◈ Dialect boundary-use to separate one dialect
area from another.

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 Regional
Variation In
United States
32
 Appalachian English
◈ Used primarily to refer to nonstandard verities
of English spoken in the southern Appalachian
mountain range.

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 Example: Appalachian English places an-er sound at
the end of a word with a long “o”

Hollow- “holler” Tomato- “Tader”

Tobacco- “Backer” Potato- :tader

34
◈ H retention occurs at the beginning of
certain words.
“It”, in particular, is pronounced as “hit”
“ ain’t” is pronounced “hain’t”
 The noun grease with an “s”, but this
consonant turns into “z” in the adjective
and in the adverb “to grease”.

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◈ People who live in in the Appalachian
area pronounce the word with a short
“a” sound (as in ‘latch’) in the third
syllable, who live outside of
Appalachians dialect area or its outer
edges tend to pronounce it with a long
“a” sound (as in ‘lay’)

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 Why is it that they speak so
uniquely?
◈ The predominate theory is that the
existence of Appalachian-English is the
result of the isolation of the mountains
beyond the blue ridge ensured-making
this dialect one of the most and
protected dialects in the nation.

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Hi, I'm Arro, Angielyn M.
Here to discuss my topic :)
[email protected]

38
LANGUAGE AND
ETHNICITY
WHAT IS ETHNICITY?
As social construction that
indicates identification with a
particular group that is often
descended from common
ancestors.

40
Characteristic of Ethnic
Variety
•Lexical difference from standard
English
• Phonological differences
• Isolated grammatical features
• Conversational style

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Ethnic Patterns
The ethnic pattern does not actually denote a
typical sociolinguistic pattern (such as the
class pattern or gender pattern) but it refers
more generally to the characteristic use of
language which is influenced by the ethnic
background of a speaker.

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 Formulation of the Ethnic Pattern
◈ Application of specific structural features
a speaker’s linguistic variety is used to
express the individual’s ethnic identity.
◈ The ethnic variety can be used deliberately
by speakers of ethnic minorities.

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Racial Isolation
- when the social contacts of speakers are
limited to speakers of their own ethnic
variety and do not include other social or
ethnic groups.

44
 THE CASE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH
African-American English
•Spoken by millions of Americans throughout
the United states
• Has roots of African Languages
• A systematic, rule-governed and patterned
language.
•Some still existing words: banana, banjo,
gumbo, jamboree, mumbo , vodoo, yam and
zombie.
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THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF AAE
DIALECTOLOGIST VIEW CREOLIST VIEW
• Start of 1920s up to the •Argued that AAE derived
1940s. from creole and ultimately
•A southern variety of West African origins.
English, which spread •This theory traced AAE
northward during the 1920s origins back to the times of
migration of blacks out of the slave trade when West
the South and into northern African from regions.
cities due to the decline of
cotton industry and the •The pidgin was created.
goring job opportunities in
the industrial North. 46
 UNIFIED VIEW
•Sociolinguists were radically divided
between these two opposing theories
concerning AAE’s origins.
•it appears that sociolinguists are moving
toward an understanding of AAE that
accepts some reasoning from both points of
view.

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 Structural features of AAE
◈ Monopthongization
•Dipthongs - get reduced to monopthongs
word-finally or before voiced consonants.
Now [na]
Side [sad]
Time [am]

48
Monopthongs before voiceless consonants is
found much less frequently in AAE, although it
may be characteristic of some southern
varities.
◈ Kite [ayt] or [at]
◈ Like [layk] or [lak]

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 Word-Final Consonant Cluster Reduction
In AAE there is a process of word-final
consonant reduction when the following word
begins with a consonant. This same process is
found in SAE.
◈ Cold cuts [ol ʌts ]
◈ Best kind [bɛs aynd ]

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🦋Past tense is formed by the addition of
suffix, [t], [d], or [əd], depending on the
final sound of the verb phrase.
•Burned my hand [brn may hæn]
•Burned up [brn ʌp]
•Messed up [mɛs ʌp]

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The fact that word-final past tense
suffixes can be deleted in these
environment may give AAE the
appearance of lacking a past tense
suffix.
Hated [hetəd]
Shouted [ŝawtəd]
 Absence of 3rd Singular —s
In many AAE varieties, there is an absence of the 3rd
singular suffix –s
Examples:
He need to get a book from the shelf.

She want us to pass the papers to the front.

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 Multiple Negation
In SAE a sentence such as (a) below can be negated as
either (b) or (c).
(a) I had some lunch.
(b) I didn’t have any lunch.
(c) I had no lunch.
(d) I didn't have no lunch.
(e) I don't never have no lunch.

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 Habitual be
SAE AAE
The coffee is always Sometimes she be
cold. The coffee angry.
always be cold. She is late everyday.
Sometimes she is She be late
angry. everyday.

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◈ The coffee is always cold. (habitual
state)
◈ The coffee is cold. (momentary state)
◈ In AAE, however, uninflected be is itself
sufficient for making habituality.
◈ The coffee be cold. = The coffee is
always cold

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LANGUAGE AND
SOCIOECONOMIC
STATUS
Prepared by: Marlyn L. Agustin
 Standard vs. Nonstandard Varieties

“No one dialect or language is better, more

correct, or more logical than any other”

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Objective:

◈ Define linguistically the term

standard dialect and nonstandard
dialect

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 STANDARD DIALECT
- Standard dialect is the variety used by
political leaders, media and speakers from
higher socioeconomic classes.
- It is also thought in schools and to
nonnative speaker in language classes.  

60
 Socially speaking the standard dialect is
the dialect of prestige and power.
However, the prestige of any speech
variety is completely dependent upon the
prestige of the speakers who use it.

61
Few standard English speakers use
object pronouns in subject position.  

Example:  
Jin and me went to the store.

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However, media spokespeople, political
leaders, and other of higher socioeconomic
status are more and more frequently observe
using subject pronouns in object position.  
Example:
2. This is a matter between Jin and I.  
3. Give the books to Jin and I.

63
According to the prescriptive standard,
example 1, 2 and 3 should “corrected”
as follows:
4. Jin and I went to the store.  
5. This is a matter between Jin and me.  
6. Give the books to Jin and me.  

64
  
 
Standard English speakers not recognize
2 and 3 as violations of perspective rule,
many would argue that sentence 2 and 3
seem correct while 5 and 6 are incorrect.
This is known as hypercorrection, the act
of producing nonstandard form by way
of false analogy.
 

65
 STANDARD AMERICAN ENGLSIH (SAE)
The term Standard American
English customarily refers to a variety of
the English language that's generally used
in professional communication in the
United States and taught in American
schools.

66
 NONSTANDARD DIALECT
A nonstandard dialect or vernacular
dialect is a dialect or language variety
that has not historically benefited
from the institutional support or
sanction that a standard dialect has.

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Most nonstandard varieties are
stigmatized in the wider community as
illogical and unsystematic. It is on the
basis that nonstandard dialect are “bad”
or “improper” ways of speaking, it
opposed in the standard dialect which
are said to be “good” or “proper”.

68
Consider the following paradigms
illustrating the use of reflexive
pronouns in the varieties of English –
one standard, the other nonstandard.  

69
◈ Standard ◈ Nonstandard
◈ I like my self ◈ I like myself
◈ You like yourself ◈ You like yourself
◈ We like ourselves ◈ We like ourselves

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Given these two paradigms, we can develop
descriptive rules for the construction of reflexives
in these two varieties.
Standard
Add the reflexive suffix – self to possessive
pronouns in the first and second person singular
and -selves to possessive pronouns in the first
and second person plural.

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Add the reflexive suffix – self to object
pronouns I the third person singular and –
selves to object pronouns in the third person
plural.  
Nonstandard
Add the reflexive suffix –self to object
pronouns in the first-third singular and – selves
to possessive pronouns in the first-third person
plural.  

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Standard Variation Non-Standard
Has been standardized. Variation
Used in education and Does not through any
government as the standardization process. Used in
home and with close friends,
official language, less prestigious, lower/middle
prestigious, high class. class.
Example: Example:
1. We’re not coming 1. We ain’t coming (non-
(standard English standard English dialect)
dialect)

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OVERT Vs. COVERT PRESTIGE AND ACT OF
IDENTITY
Speakers who do not adopt the standards
are consider “lazy” and “uneducated”,
speaker who speaks nonstandard are
considered wrong and inferior so they must
learn to speak the varieties taught in school
for them to successful

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So, they adjust in their studies and
these adjustments are depends on
different factors. Their theory is we
choose to speak the way we identify
ourselves and how we want to be
identified.  

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The extent to which we are able to make certain
linguistic choices as acts of identify is dependent upon
the following conditions:
 We can identify the group.
 We have both adequate access to the groups and
ability to analyze their behavioral patterns.
 The motivation to join the groups is sufficiently
powerful and is either reinforce or reversed by
feedback from the groups.
 We have ability to modify our behavior.

76
Standard and non- standard varieties
is not one of good vs. bad or right vs.
wrong. They are simply different ways
of speaking, defined and determined
by social structure and function.

77
BRACE
YOURSELF, THIS
TOPIC IS QUITE
BROAD.
HELLO!
Kimberly Madrona is the
name
Im sharing my knowledge with
you all
[email protected]
m for inquiries

79
Language and Gender
80
Objectives:
◈ -To discuss the differences of language of both
Genders(men and women).

◈ -To engage with texts and discourses in

relation to ideas about language and gender.
◈ -Identify culturally related assumptions
about language and gender.

81
Do you know?
Research seeks to elucidate the role of
language in defining, constructing, and
reproducing gendered identities, as well as
the role of gender in the perception and
production of language.

82
“
Gender can be thought of a set of
ongoing behaviors, so that in a sense we
are always already doing gender

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MALAGASY CULTURE
◈ MEN ◈ WOMEN
◈ -Silent in public ◈ -Express anger
confrontations
and criticism
◈ -More highly through direct
valued in the confrontational
community speech

84
 MALAGASY CULTURE
◈ MEN
-Silent in public confrontations.
- More highly valued in the community.
 WOMEN
- Express anger and criticism through
direct confrontational speech.
Example
◈ 1. A study in Norwich, England (Trudgill
1974)
◈ Women were more likely to use standard
verb forms like; running (with word
final [ıŋ] ).

86
Example:
◈ 2. SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA (Working –
Class Adolescents)
◈ Men are more likely to use non standard
syntactic features ( They don’t say
nothing ), and non standard past tense
forms ( He woke up an’ seen something ).

87
Three kinds of explanation

◈ 1. So called Linguistic Insecurity

◈ 2. Women’s role in child rearing
◈ 3. Labor Market Dynamics

88
 THREE KINDS OF EXPLANATION
1. Linguistic Insecurity
2. Women’s role in child rearing
3. Labor Market Dynamics
◈ LINGUISTIC INSECURITY

Explanation claim that women imitate the

prestigious and more standardized language of
social classes immediately above their own in order
to become more prestigious and powerful
themselves.
WOMEN’S ROLE IN CHILD REARING
Since in most societies women are
responsible for taking care of children,
researchers theorized that women would try to
improve their children’s prospects by exposing
them the most prestigious language possible
LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL
DIFFERENCE

◈ Note that some difficulties in cross-sex

communication parallel difficulties in
cross-cultural communication.

92
Variations of Speech
Style
Villaret, Erika Q. BSED English I-A

94
By the end of the reporting, students should be
able to:
• DISCUSS THE STYLISTIC VARIATIONS AND THEIR
CLASSIFICATIONS.

• LIST EXAMPLES OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL

SENTENCES AMONG THE MAJOR WAYS WHERE
SPEECH STYLE DIFFER.

• AND APPRECIATE HOW DEGREES OF FORMALITY

IN SPEECH MATTER.

95
Stylistic Variations
(Standard and Non-
Standard)
STANDARD
- used on formal occasions, carries social prestige, and
does not call forth negative reaction.
- Standard British English, often referred to as received
standard (and its pronunciation as Received Pronunciation)
- used at English public schools, heard during radio and
television newscasts, and used when circumstances call for
a serious, formal attitude (sermons, lectures, and the like).
96
NON-STANDARD
- varieties that do not measure up to these
norms are also referred to as substandard.
- used in less formal situations.

97
What is speech style or registers?
It is a form of language that the speaker uses
which characterized by the degree of
formality.
- Martin Joss (1962)

98
Topic, settingm, addressee
types of speech style:
FROZEN STYLE
- This style is intended to be remembered and used in very
formal setting such as in palace, church ritual, speech for
state ceremony, and some other occasions.
- This style of communication rarely or never changes. It is
“frozen” in time and content.
• Example: the Pledge of Allegiance, the Lord’s Prayer, the
Preamble of the Constitution, the Alma Mater, a bibliographic
reference, laws

99
FORMAL STYLE
- also connoted as “careful”.
- This language settings and is one- way in nature.
- This use of language usually follows a commonly accepted
format.
- It is usually impersonal and formal.
• Examples: sermons, rhetorical statements and questions,
speeches, pronouncements made by judges, announcements
CONSULTATIVE STYLE
- It is formal and societal expectations accompany the users of
this speech.
- It is a professional discourse.
• Examples: communication between a superior and a subordinate,
doctor and patient, lawyer and client, lawyer and judge, teacher and
student, counselor and client

100
INFORMAL STYLE
- connoted as the "casual style”.
- This is an informal language used by peers and friends.
- Slang, vulgarities and colloquialism are normal.
- This is “group language.”
- One must be a member to engage in this register.
• Examples: buddies, chats and emails, blogs, letters to friends

INTIMATE STYLE
- This communication is private.
- It is reserved for close family members, or intimate people.

• Examples: husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend,

siblings, and parent & children
101
Markers of Register
1. LEXICAL MARKER
Varies along certain social dimensions.
Formal and Informal
Seen as polar opposites pf a situation continuum along which forms
of expression may be arranged.

2. PHONOLOGICAL MARKER
Generally found in spoken registers.
Communicatively competent speakers can adapt their pronunciation
of certain words to the character of the speech situation they are in.
They are aware whether the situation is formal of informal
Registers are marked by features of syntax, morphology, semantics,
pragmatics. For spoken registers, phonology.
102
3. Grammatical Markers of Register
• Registers show grammatical variation. That is, they differ in
their use of certain grammatical structures. In English for
example, different registers show high variability in the
occurrence of sentence-final prepositions:That’s the teacher I
was telling you about vs. That’s the teacher about whom I was
telling you.
4. Semantic Markers of Register
• Words and phrases that help signal the progression of
ideas in a text. Semantic markers can perform various
functions, such as showing the chronology of events (firstly,
then, eventually, in the end), a cause and effect relationship
(since, because, so, consequently), summing up (in short, to
sum up), rephrasing (in other words) and so on. These
expressions help a reader to navigate easily through a text.
103
SPEECH STYLE
DIFFERS IN 3
MAJOR WAYS
HELLO!
I am Rizavell O. Villarmino
I am here to present my topic
about the major of Speech Style
You can find me at
@[email protected]

105
“
SPEECH STYLE DIFFERS IN 3
MAJOR WAYS:
PRONOUNCIATION
SYNTAX
VOCABULARY

106
PRONOUNCIATION
◈ Dropping - is the deletion of a certain sound
in a word. -
most obvious feature of casual speech even
to the people who are not linguist. -
quotation marks are used around this phrase.

107
Example:

Dropping gs or the g- dropping in words that end in- ing.

Words like:

 Walking- walkin'

 Nothing- nothin'

 Going- goin'

108
◈ Contractions - is a word or phrase that
been shortened by dropping one or more
letters.
◈ In writing, an apostrophe is used to
indicate the place of the missing letters.

◈ In speech, it is extremely formal to use

constructions.

109
Example:
• He'll, She'll, Won't Can't
- are relatively neutral in style.

 Luis is American, isn't he?

- The contraction of not is almost obligatory.

110
 SYNTAX
In casual speech we may use syntactic
constructions that we would avoid in
speaking to an audience.

111
EXAMPLE:
There's sandwiches in the fridge.
- is normal in casual speech for many people
who would write.
There are sandwiches in the refrigerator

112
◈ Subjunctive - verbal mood used for wishes,
suppositions, and other non fictive uses.
- Only the "contrary-to-fact"
subjunctive in clauses like If I were rich
occurs at all regularly in speech or informal
writing.

113
◈ Indicative - verbal mood generally used for
statements of fact.
- Forms of subjunctive other than were in if-
clauses usually occur in fixed phrases of
extreme formality, such as:
- a lawyer's if it please the Court .

114
- a written petition's we hereby request that this
be done
● Sentences that begin with a subjunctive
element:
- be he live
- be he dead
- I'll grind his bones to make my bread!

115
VOCABULARY

TYPES OF STYLE SHIFTS:

Bad Language
- Forbidden aura around words that have to do
with sex or excretion on the one hand and God
and religion on the other hand.

116
Best Language
- A set we keep for our most formal and
impressive occasions.

In between the aforementioned two levels is the

technical language or also known as
JARGON.

117
Technical Jargon
- is clear, expressive and economical; for
outsiders, much of it remains incomprehensible.
Example:
Rhinitis sounds impressive than "a runny
nose".
Rhinoplasty sounds a lot more complicated
than "nose job".

118
 Professional Jargons
- are often used to impress people
outside profession.

119
Example:

Bottom line
(originally a technical term used in reference to
business)
Hardware, software and system
(all from computer usage)

120
COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE OR SLANG

- Linguistic style used for very informal or

casual communication.

- Often marked by highly or colourful usage.

121
BASIC TYPES OF SLANG:

COMMON SLANG
- neutral everyday language that is just a little
too informal for letters of application and the
like.
- Includes words like fridge for refrigerator or
TV for television.

122
IN-GROUP SLANG
- more specialized, "slangier" slang of a
particular group at a particular time.
- like technical language, can be used to
keep insiders together and to exclude
outsiders.

123
Example:

Fan appeared as a slangy shortening of

fanatic in the late sixteenth century

124
- Summons up images of four- letter words

- Of sloppy speech

- Of words and expressions your friends but

not with your parents, in your dorm but not in a
job interview, etc.

125
Example of Slang (TEEN):
Dope - Cool or Awesome
Gucci - Good or cool
Skurt - Go away
Tool - Refers to someone who is stupid or a
Greek
Turnt Up - To be high or drunk

126
 - Slang responds to a need in people to be creative in their
language use and to show group membership through their
language use.

 Slang is found in all languages and has been found at all

times.

 Slang is thus a legitimate sociolinguistic phenomenon and

is studied by linguists as such.

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THANK
YOU!
Any questions?