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Lecture - 1 IC Engines Basics

The document discusses internal combustion engines. It describes how combustion engines work by converting the chemical energy in fuel into thermal and then mechanical energy. It also classifies engines based on their ignition type, number of strokes, valve location, design, cylinder positioning and more. Key aspects like the four-stroke operating cycle and differences between spark ignition and compression ignition engines are summarized. Components of an engine like the block, pistons, valves and other parts are also outlined.

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Muhammad Saqib
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31 views

Lecture - 1 IC Engines Basics

The document discusses internal combustion engines. It describes how combustion engines work by converting the chemical energy in fuel into thermal and then mechanical energy. It also classifies engines based on their ignition type, number of strokes, valve location, design, cylinder positioning and more. Key aspects like the four-stroke operating cycle and differences between spark ignition and compression ignition engines are summarized. Components of an engine like the block, pistons, valves and other parts are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Saqib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internal Combustion Engines

Engr. M. Tayyab

International Islamic University


Islamabad
Basics of IC Engines

Combustion engines
✔ Chemical energy in fuel converted to thermal energy by combustion or
oxidation
✔ Heat engine converts chemical energy into mechanical energy
✔ Thermal energy raises temperature and pressure of gases within engine, and
gas expands against mechanical mechanisms of engine

Combustion
✔ fuel is burned within the engine (including e.g. rocket Internal engines, jet
Engines, firearms)
✔ External: combustion is external to the engine (e.g. steam turbine, Stirling
engine, etc)
Classification of IC Engines
✔ Ignition
✔ Number of strokes
✔ Valve location
✔ Design
✔ Position and number of cylinders
✔ Air intake
✔ Fuel input method
✔ Fuel used
✔ Cooling
Ignition
✔ Spark ignition (SI): high-voltage electrical discharge
between two electrodes ignites air-fuel mixture in
combustion chamber surrounding spark plug, Petrol
Engine.

✔ Compression ignition (CI): air-fuel mixture self-


ignites due to high temperature in combustion chamber
caused by high compression, Diesel engine
Number of Strokes

✔ Four-stroke: four piston movements over two


engine revolutions for each engine cycle.

✔ Two-stroke: two piston movements over one


revolution for each engine cycle.
Valve Location
✔ Valves in head
✔ Valves in block
✔ One valve in head and one in block (less common)
Valve in Block
Design

✔ Reciprocating
✔ Rotary
Reciprocating engines

✔ Engine has one or more


cylinders in which, Pistons
reciprocate back and forth
✔ Combustion chamber in closed
end of cylinders.
✔ Power delivered to rotating
output crankshaft by mechanical
linkage with pistons.
Rotary engines
✔ Engine made of block (stator) built around
large non-concentric rotor and crankshaft.
✔ Combustion chambers are built into the non-
rotating block.
Position and number of cylinders
Single cylinder (e.g. lawnmowers,Motorcycles)
In-line or straight: cylinders in straight line, one behind the other
in length of crankshaft
V: two banks of cylinders at an angle with each other along a
single crankshaft, angle typically 60-90◦
Flat or opposed cylinder (V with 180◦): two banks of cylinders
opposite each other on a single crankshaft (small aircrafts)
W: three banks of cylinders on same crankshaft (not common)
Opposed piston engine: two pistons in each cylinder, combustion
chamber between pistons
Radial engine: cylinders positioned radialy around crankshaft
Position of Cylinders

In-line

Flat
Air Intake

✔ Naturally aspirated: no air pressure boost


✔ Supercharged: air pressure increased with
compressor driven by crankshaft
✔ Turbocharged: air pressure increased by turbine-
compressor driven by exhaust gases
✔ Crankcase compressed: two-stroke engine with
crankcase as intake air compressor
Turbocharger
Fuel Input Method
Carbureted: air-fuel mixed at
throat
Fuel Input Method
Fuel injection

✔ Multipoint port fuel injection: one or


more injectors at each cylinder intake

✔ Throttle body fuel injection:


injectors upstream of intake manifold
Fuel Used
✔ Gasoline
✔ Diesel or fuel oil
✔ Gas (natural gas or methane)
✔ Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): mainly propane,
propylene, butane, and butylene
✔ Alcohol (ethyl, methyl)
✔ Dual fuel (e.g. methane/diesel)
✔ Gasohol (e.g. 90% gasoline, 10% alcohol)
✔ Biodiesel: cleaner-burning diesel fuel made from
natural, renewable sources such as vegetable oils
Cooling

✔Air cooled
✔ Water cooled
Terminology I
TDC: top dead center, piston position farthest from
crankshaft
BDC: bottom dead center, piston position nearest to
crankshaft
Direct fuel injection: into main combustion chamber
Indirect fuel injection: into a secondary chamber
Bore: diameter of cylinder or piston face
Stroke: distance that piston moves
Clearance volume: volume in combustion chamber at TDC
Displacement volume: volume displaced by piston
Ignition delay: Time between start of ignition and start of
combustion
Terminology II
✔ Air-fuel ratio: Ratio of mass flow rate of air
to that of fuel
✔ Specific fuel consumption: fuel used per unit
power
✔ Emissions: NOx, CO, HC, solids
Engine components
Engine Components
Block: body of engine containing cylinders
Bearing: main bearing for crankshaft
Camshaft: rotating shaft used to push open valves at the proper
time in engine cycle
Carburetor: Venturi flow device to draw fuel and mix with air
Catalytic converter: reduces emissions by chemical reaction
Combustion chamber: volume between cylinder head and
piston face
Connecting rod: connects piston with crankshaft
Crankcase: part of engine block surrounding crankshaft
Crankshaft: rotating shaft through which engine work output
is supplied to external systems, rotated by reciprocating pistons
through connecting rods
Engine Components
Exhaust manifold: piping which carries exhaust gases away from
engine cylinders
Fan: to increase air flow through radiator
Flywheel: to smoothen engine rotation
Fuel injector: pressurized nozzle to inject fuel into air or cylinder
Fuel pump: to move fuel from tank to engine
Glow plug: electrical resistance inside combustion chamber to
help cold start
Head: piece which closes end of cylinders
Head gasket: sealant between engine block and head
Intake manifold: piping which delivers incoming air to cylinders
Oil pan: oil reservoir on bottom of engine block, part of the
crankcase
Engine Components
Oil pump: to distribute oil from sump
Oil sump: reservoir for the oil system of the engine
Piston rings: metal rings around piston to seal gap between piston
and cylinder
Push rods: linkage between camshaft and valves on OHV engines
Radiator: liquid to air heat exchanger to cool engine
Rod bearing: rod connecting the piston with the rotating crankshaft
Spark plug: creates high-voltage discharge across an electrode gap
Starter: hand starter, electric motor, or small IC engines for large IC
engines
Engine Components
Supercharger: compressor powered from crankshaft to
compress incoming air
Throttle: butterfly valve at upstream end of intake
manifold to control air flow rate into SI engine
Turbocharger: turbine-compressor powered by exhaust
flow to compress incoming air valves; controls flow of air
in and out of the cylinders
Water jacket: liquid flow passages around cylinder for
cooling
Water pump: to circulate coolant
4-stroke SI engine operation
First stroke: intake or induction

✔ Piston travels from TDC (top dead center) to BDC


(bottom dead center) with intake valve open and
exhaust valve closed

✔ Volume increases in combustion chamber and


creates vacuum

✔ Air sucked into the cylinder

✔ As air passes through intake system, fuel is added


4-stroke SI engine operation
Second stroke: compression

✔ Piston reaches BDC, intake


valve closes and piston travels
back to TDC with all valves closed
✔ Air-fuel mixture compresses and
temperature and pressure increase
✔ Near end of compression stroke,
spark plug fired and combustion
initiated
4-stroke SI engine operation

Combustion
✔ Piston near TDC: nearly constant-volume combustion
✔ Changes composition of gas mixture to exhaust products and
temperature and pressure increases
4-stroke SI engine operation
Third stroke: expansion

✔ All valves closed


✔ High pressure pushes piston away from
TDC: produces work output of engine cycle
✔ Piston moves from TDC to BDC: volume
increases and pressure and temperature drop
4-stroke SI engine operation
Fourth stroke: exhaust

✔ When piston is at BDC cylinder is still full of


exhaust gases at atmospheric pressure
✔ Exhaust valve stays open and piston moves from
BDC to TDC pushing out most of the remaining
exhaust gases into the exhaust system
✔ Near end of exhaust stroke before TDC, intake
valve starts to open and is fully open by TDC when
intake stroke starts next cycle
✔ Near TDC the exhaust valve starts to close and is
fully closed sometime after TDC
✔ Period where both intake valve and exhaust valve
are open is called valve overlap
Four-stroke SI operating cycle
4-stroke CI engine operation
First stroke: intake
Second stroke: compression/Combustion
Third stroke: power
Fourth stroke: exhaust
2-stroke SI engine operation
Combustion: occurs quickly with piston at TDC
First stroke: expansion power
Exhaust blowdown
Intake and scavenging: simultaneous intake and exhaust
2-stroke CI engine operation

✔ Differences with respect to 2-stroke SI


✔ No fuel added to incoming air; only air is compressed
✔ Fuel injector located in cylinder
Diesel engine

✔ Uses heat of compression to initiate ignition


and burn fuel
✔ Fuel injected into the combustion chamber
during final stage of compression
Engine Parameters

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