DATABASE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM
AND SQL

Presented by:-
Bandeep kaur
Stuti Chandra
Amresh
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Database Management is the task of maintaining
database so that information is readily available. The
software required to perform the task of maintaining
database is called a DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM(DBMS). DBMSs are designed to maintain
large volumes of data.
Management of data involves:-
 Defining structures for data storage.
 Providing mechanisms for data manipulation such
as adding, editing, and deleting data.
 Providing data security against unauthorized access.
 Objectives of DBMS
Provide an efficient and convenient environment that is
used to store data in, and retrieve data from a database.

 Manage information about users who interact with the

DBMS and the activities that these users can perform on
the data.
 DATA MODELS
A data model is a description of the organization of data
in database. In addition to the organization of data, the
data model also describes the relationship among data
and any constraints that have to be defined on the data.
Data models can broadly be classified into two
categories:-
 Object-based logical model:- focus on describing the
data, the relationship among the data, and constraints
defined.
 Record- based logical model:- focuses on describing the
data structure and the access techniques in DBMS.
 Object-Based Logical Model

There are various object-based models. The most widely

used is the entity-relationship model(E/R model). It is a
accepted as the ideal data model for database design.
 Entity- Relationship Model
The entity-relationship model is based on a real- world
perception that comprises a collection of objects or
entities and the relationships among these. Chen
introduced not only the E/R model, but also a
corresponding diagramming technique.
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Sample E/R Diagram

 Entities
Chen defined an entity as ”a thing, which can be easily
identified”. An entity is any object, place, person, or
activity about which data is recorded. Some examples of
entity are Student, Course and Grade. In the diagram
technique, entities are named and represented inside a box.

STUDENT COURSE

GRADE
There are two types of entities:-
 Dependent entity:- also know as weak entity.
 Independent entity:- also know as regular entity.

COURSE

OFFERING
 Relationship
Chen defined a relationship as “an association among
entities”. A relationship is depicted as a diamond with the
name of the relationship type.

INSTRUCTOR TEACH STUDENT

A relationship can associate an entity with itself.

STUDENT

SEMINA
R
There are three types of relationship:-
 One – to – One

DEPARTMENT
1 HEADED 1 DEPARTMENT
BY HEAD

 One – to – many(or many-to-one)

m REGISTE 1 MAJOR
STUDENT
R

 Many – to – many

ENROLL
 STUDENT m S FOR m COURSE
 Attributes
An attribute is a property of a given entity.
An attribute instance is a particular property of an individual
entity instance.

ADDRESS NAME

STUDENT

ROLL NO REG_DT
 Client/Server Architecture
Applications have three elements:-
 The user interface or the presentation element.
 The application logic or the business rule element.
 The data storage or the data management element.
All the three elements- the user interface, the business rule,
and the management being put into one large executable
file, makes it difficult to modify the application.
The two-tier architecture model for application development
came as logical outcome from the problems of the single-tier
architecture.
In the client/server model, the functionality of the application
is split between two processes.
 The client process handles the data input and the user
interface issues. The server process performs all validations
on the data.
 The client will provide the user interface to get input data
from the user and pass the data to the server process. The
server process implements the application logic and validates
the input data based on the business rules. If the data is invalid
it passes an error message to the client; else the data is
updated in the database.
Client/Server Architecture
 Features of MS-SQL Server
 Fully web-enabled:- SQL Server provides various features to
facilitate easy and secure access to data via. Web. You can use
HTTP to send queries to the server.
 Highly Scalable and Reliable:- In case the load on the SQL
server increases, it can use the scale up and scale out features to
meet the requirement. In scale up, the SQL server Enterprise edition
can use 32 processors and 64 GB of RAM to meet the increase in
load. SQL provides various backup strategies to improve reliability.
 Fast Time-to-Market:- SQL Server provides features that reduce
the time taken to develop an application from its design to a
complete product. It provides management tools to manage the
server. It also provides tools to copy or move data from various
sources.
 Benefits of two-tier model
 Data Sharing:- Data is separated from the client from the
client side and is stored at a central location where all users
have access to the data.
 Reduces duplication and maintenance:- Since data is
stored centrally, data maintenance is easy. There is no
duplication of data and therefore no inconsistency in the data
stored.
The data is stored and managed by the server, and the client
interacts with the user and transmits the user requests to the
server. Most RDBMSs adhere to the client/server architecture.
MS-SQL Server is a fast, reliable, secure, and scalable
RDBMS from Microsoft that adheres to the client/sever
architecture.
 Structured Query Language
 The language to access data objects from the SQL Server
is known as structured query language.
 SQL has reduced the need for lengthy programming to
access data. SQL addresses data in sets of rows and
columns, rather than addressing individual components of
data one row or one attribute at a time.
 An outstanding functionality of SQL is its support for
automatic navigation to the target data. This functionality
enables the user to specify what information is required
and not how to get it.
cont……
 The query language takes care of retrieving, replacing,
adding and deleting data thus making the database readily
accessible to end users who have little or no knowledge of
programming.
 The greatest advantage of using SQL is that while
developing applications, programmers are productive as
they can concentrate on the essential logic and data
requirements of their applications. They do not have to
spend time on the details of data representation.
 Datatypes in SQL Server
SQL server can store various types of data like char, money,
int or datetime. A column has a datatype associated with it
that specifies the type of data the column can store.
Some of the datatypes are:-

Datatype Used to store

int Integer data(whole
numbers)
smallint Integer data
tinyint Integer data
bigint Integer data
 Datatype Used to store

float Floating precision data

money Monetary data

smallmoney Monetary data

datetime Data and time data

smalldatetime Data and time data

char(n) Fixed length character data

varchar(n) Variable length character data

text Character string

ntext Variable length Unicode data

bit Integer data with 0 or 1

image Variable length binary data to store

images
 The SELECT statement
SQL Server provides the SELECT statement to enable
you to access and retrieve from database. This statement
prompts the server to query a single table or multiple
tables in the database, prepare a result, and return it to the
client application. The keywords SELECT, FROM, and
WHERE make up the basic SELECT statement.
THANK YOU