BANSILLA RAMNATH AGARWAL CHARITABLE TRUST’S

VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF ECHNOLOGY

(DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGNEERIN)

AN POWeR POINT ON
“ COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS , SUBJECT CODE :- ME5303 ”
“REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS & HEAT TRANSFER, PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATION ”
SUBMITTED BY
(LEADER) PATIL AVANTI , ROLL NO :- 14
IKHAR TEJAL , ROLL NO :- 08
GADHAVE SHUBHAM , ROLL NO :- 05

IN POST GRADUATE F.Y. M.TECH

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF.(Dr.) SUNIL SHINDE

ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 – 2021 (SEMESTER I)

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 CONTENTS
SR. NO. TITLE SLIDE. NO.
1
Continuity Equation 3-7

2
Navier Stokes Equation 8-13

3
Principles of conservation 14-17

4
Energy Equation 18-23

5
Kinetic & Internal Energy Equation 24-25

6
The Reynold’s Transport Theorem 26-3

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 Continuity Equation
 Continuity Equation Cartesian framework in coordinate system :-

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Net efflux g mass along

X- direction ( ) ……….

Y- direction (

Z- direction (

If we look of rate of change of mass

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 Change of mass = flow rate

 =

General from of the continuity equation in the cartesian coordination system

Mass in a control rate free form eq. 1

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 So, now we can define what is called as a total derivation for any variable for ex.
free .Total derivation D , D (t ,x ,y ,z) position Total derivation as in term y
of partial derivative.

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  Represent a partial derivatives of with respect to t with represent to x , y , z &

This equation write in co-ordinate free format

This is continuity equation.

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 Navier stokes equation
 Linear momentum balance. (there are 3 equation one for each direction)
The equation for the X direction

Just to recall ,LHS have transistent term, the connection term, RHS have all the forces
the body force because of gravity & than surface forces namely pressure & than the
viscous stresses.

we using Newton's low of viscosity – Homogeneous, isotropic, linear viscous fluid.

*assumption added to the restrict only to incompressible flow, the Newton's low
viscosity

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 We have 6 equations but we require only 3 equation because there are only 3
component y appearing in X- direction linear momentum balance.

So, we will have 3 terms substitute the Newton’s low of viscosity & the simplify

We add one more assumption, that viscosity is a constant take this out
of the derivative

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 viscosity is constant

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  3 terms which represented that not viscous force on the RHS, get simplified to
this term

X- direction

Y- direction

Z- direction

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  We know that we had linear momentum balance one for each direction so, similarly we have
the navier stokes eqution also for one each direction similarly for the z direction.

Vector notation the LHS

change to
Similarly , we have other direction

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  Now, we can compare the differential total mass balance & the line momentum
balance equation

Differential total mass balance equation

Differential linear momentum balance equation in terms of the Navier

stoke equation

Navier stoke equation

Monday, 08-Mar-2021 13
 Principles of Conservation

Conservation of Mass

Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of Energy

Monday, 08-Mar-2021 14
 Conservation of Mass

The conservation of mass relation for closed system undergoing a change is
 
expressed as =constant or /which is the statement that the mass of the system
remains constant during a process.

Mass balance for a control volume (CV) in rate form :

  Conservation of mass: c =

the total rates of mass flow rate

  and into and out of the control volume

the rate of changes of mass within the

 
/dt volume boundaries

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 Conservation of momentum
Momentum: The product of the mass and the velocity of a
body is called the momentum of the body.
The momentum of a rigid body of mass m moving with a
velocity V
is mV.
Conservation of momentum principle : The momentum of
a system remains constant only when the net force acting
on it is zero,and thus the momentum of such systems is
conserved.

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 Conservation of energy

The conservation of energy principle (the energy balance):The net energy transfer to or from a system during a process be equal to the
change in the energy content of the system.

Energy can be transferred to or from a closed system by heat or work.
Control volumes also involve energy transfer via mass flow.

the total rates of energy transfer into

and out of the control volumes
  Conservation of energy :

the rate of change of energy within

the control volume boundaries

𝐸˙ 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸˙ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
 

  𝐷𝐸 𝐶𝑉
𝑑𝑡

Monday, 08-Mar-2021 17
 Energy Equation

The energy equation is derived from the first law of thermodynamics
 
which states that the rate of change of energy of a fluid particle is
equal to the rate of heat addition to the fluid particle plus the rate of
work done on the particle.
 Rate of increase of energy
 Energy E = i + (
Here, i is the internal (thermal energy).
( is the kinetic energy
 We will derive the energy equation by setting the total derivation
equal to the change in energy as a result of work done by viscous
stresses and the net heat conduction.

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 Work done by surface stresses in x-direction

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 Work done by surface stresses

The
  total rate of work done by surface stresses is calculated as
follows:
- For work done by x-components of stresses add all terms in the
previous slide.
- Do the same for the y- and z-components .
Add all and divide by xyto get the work done per unit volume
by the surface stresses:

-div(pu) + + + +

+ + + + +

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 Energy flux due to heat conduction

 The heat flux vector q has three components,, , and .

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 Energy flux due to heat conduction

Summing all terms and dividing bygives the net rate of heat transfer to
 
the fluid particle per unit volume:
- - - = -div q
 Fourier’ law of heat conduction relates the heat flux to the local
temperature gradient:
= - k= - k= - k
 In vector form: q = -k grad T
 Thus, energy flux due to conduction:
 This is the final form used in the energy equation.
-div q = div (k grad T)

Monday, 08-Mar-2021 22
 Energy Equation

Setting
  the total derivative for the energy in a fluid particle equal to
the previously derived work and energy flux terms, results in the
following energy equation:

= -div(u) + + + +

+ + + + +

+div (k grad T ) +
 Note that we also added a source term that includes sources
(potential energy , sources due to heat production from chemical
reactions , etc).

Monday, 08-Mar-2021 23
 Kinetic energy equation


Separately
  , we can derive a conservation equation for the kinetic
energy of the fluid.

In order to do this , we multiply the u-momentum equation by u,
the v-momentum equation by v,and the w-momentum equation
by w. We then add the results together.

This results in the following equation for the kinetic energy:

= -u.grad p+u + +

+v ++ +w ++ + u.

Monday, 08-Mar-2021 24
 Internal energy equation
Subtract
   the kinetic energy equation from the energy equation.
 Define a new source term for the internal energy as
. This results in :

+ + +
+ + + + +
+div (k grad T)+

Monday, 08-Mar-2021 25
 The Reynold’s Transport Theorem
 A general relationship that converts the laws such as mass
conservation and Newton’s 2nd law from the system to the
control volume.

 Most principles of the fluid mechanics, where the physical

laws dealing with the time rates of change of extensive
properties are expressed for system.

 There is a need to relate the changes in a control volume to

the changes in system.

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Control System - The collection of mass particles is the control
system eg. The bucket full of water can be considered as control
system.
Control Volume – The region or space for analysis is the control
volume. The space covered by the bucket can be considered as
control volume.

We will take B as general symbol of fluid property i.e

B= { Momentum, Angular Momentum,
Total Energy, Total Volume , Total mass}

We will take β as the specific property of fluid = B/m

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 Control system and volume system at t+dt

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 ......RTT at time “t”

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Monday, 08-Mar-2021 30
 REYNOLD’S TRANSPORT THEOREM
Monday, 08-Mar-2021 31
 A B C

The physical meaning of these terms are-

A. The total rate of change of any arbitrary extensive property

B of the system.
B. The time rate of change of the arbitrary extensive property
B within the control volume.
C. The net rate of flux of the extensive property through the
control surface.

Monday, 08-Mar-2021 32
 References
1. www.nptelvideos.in
2. Mod-01 Lec-03 Continuity Equation (NPTL-NOC IITM).
3. Navier Stokes Equation (NPTL-NOC IITM).
4. H.K. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera ., An Introduction to
computational fluid dynamics ,pp. 11-17 , 1995.
5. John D. Anderson ,J R , Computational fluid dynamics ,
pp. 60-66 , 1995.
6. https://youtu.be/lbWsh-wvsQg (Amit Mandal lecture)
7. slideshare.net/NeerajJain22/reynold’s-transport-theorem

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 Thank You

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