MSE 202 IIT Kanpur
Rate Processes
Instructor: Dr. Shobit Omar
Materials Science & Engineering Department
Venue: Online Video
Date: Week 5, Lecture 15
MSE 202 Radiation Law IIT Kanpur
The spectral emissive power of a black body is given by
Planck’s Radiation Law
This law governs the intensity of radiation emitted by unit surface area
into a fixed direction from the blackbody as a function of wavelength for
a fixed temperature
The maximum emissive power at a given temperature is the black body
emissive power
Stefan- Boltzmann Law
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5.67 X 10-8 W/m2K4
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MSE 202 Total Energy Emitted by a Body IIT Kanpur
A =surface area
ε = Emissivity
Remember
Emissivity is a material’s property , ranging from 0 to 1, which measures how
much energy a surface can emit with respect to an ideal emitter at the same
temperature
Surface for which emissivity is
independent of wavelength is
called “gray surface”
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MSE 202 Black & Gray Bodies IIT Kanpur
• A black body is an ideal emitter
• At a defined temperature, black body has the highest monochromatic
emissive power at all wavelengths
Black Body
– absorptivity = α =1
– emissivity = ε =1
– ideal emissive power = Eλ,b
Gray Body
– absorptivity < 1
– emissivity < 1
– emissive power < Eb
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MSE 202 Kirchoff’s Law IIT Kanpur
At thermal equilibrium, the power radiated by an object must be equal to the
power absorbed.
Black body
Heat given to the surrounding =
In order to maintain thermal equilibrium,
rate of heat flow should be zero
• Gray body will also reflect the incident radiation
• True for Gray bodies where α and ε are independent of λ
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MSE 202 Intensity IIT Kanpur
Monochromatic spectral intensity =
= Rate at which radiant energy is emitted at λ in direction φ and θ per unit
area normal to φ and θ, per unit solid angle per unit wavelength dλ about λ
rsinθdφ
rdθ
θ
dθ
dA2 = r2sinθdφdθ
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MSE 202 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces IIT Kanpur
Assumption: Surfaces are diffused
dA2
R
A2
dA1
A1
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MSE 202 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces IIT Kanpur
Assumption: Surfaces are diffused
dA2
R
A2
dA1
A1
In terms of spectral emissive power, Remember:
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MSE 202 Concept of View Factor IIT Kanpur
F12 = Fraction of energy emitted
by surface 1 is incident to
surface 2
F21 = Fraction of energy emitted
by surface 2 is incident to
surface 1
Reciprocity Relations
View factors can be determined by graph available in literature
Summation Rule
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MSE 202 Concept of View Factor IIT Kanpur
For 3 surfaces For N surfaces
Number of view factors = N2
Reciprocity Relations Number of reciprocity relations =
Number of summation relations = N
Summation Rule
Number of view factors required =
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MSE 202 Example IIT Kanpur
Two concentric shells Calculate the view factors for the heat
transfer for two concentric shells
A1
1
2
A2
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MSE 202 Example IIT Kanpur
Two concentric shells Calculate the view factors for the heat
transfer for two concentric shells
A1
1 F11 =0
2
A1F12 = A2F21
A2
F12 + F11 = 1
F12 = 1
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MSE 202 View Factor Algebra IIT Kanpur
Superposition Rule
The view factor from the surface to a composite surface is equal to the sum
of the view factors from the surface to the parts of the composite surface
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MSE 202 View Factor Algebra IIT Kanpur
Symmetry Rule
Two or more surfaces that possess symmetry about a third surface then both
the surfaces will have identical view factors from that third surface
Example
Determine the view factor from the base of
the pyramid to each of it four sides.
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MSE 202 View Factor IIT Kanpur
View factor between two aligned parallel rectangles of equal size.
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MSE 202 View Factor IIT Kanpur
View factor between two perpendicular rectangles with common edge.
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MSE 202 View Factor IIT Kanpur
View factor between two coaxial parallel disks.
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MSE 202 View Factor IIT Kanpur
(1) (2)
View factor for two concentric cylinders of finite length (1) outer cylinder to inner
cylinder (2) outer cylinder to itself
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MSE 202 Net Radiation Leaving IIT Kanpur
Diffuse-Gray Surface
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MSE 202 Net Radiation Leaving IIT Kanpur
Diffuse-Gray Surface
Applying Kirchoff’s Law
Driving
Force
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MSE 202 Circuit Analog IIT Kanpur
• Eb and J can be viewed
as potentials
• Heat transfer from
surface is flow
• Resistance can be
given as
Surface Radiation Resistance
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MSE 202 Net Radiation Heat Transfer between IIT Kanpur
Any Two Diffuse-Gray Surfaces
dAi
dAj
Radiation that leaves the entire surface i and strikes surface j =
Radiation that leaves the entire surface j and strikes surface i =
Net Rate of heat flow,
Applying reciprocity relations, Driving
Force
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MSE 202 Circuit Analog IIT Kanpur
Driving
Force
• Ji and Jj can be viewed as potentials
• Heat transfer from surface is flow
• Resistance can be given as
View Resistance
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MSE 202 IIT Kanpur
Rate Processes
Instructor: Dr. Shobit Omar
Materials Science & Engineering Department
Venue: Online Video
Date: Week 5, Lecture 15
