ECE3013 - Linear integrated circuits

MODULE-VII
A/D & D/A CONVERTERS

Dr.S.UMADEVI
Associate Professor, SENSE,
VIT Chennai
 DAC/ADC
CHRACTERISTICS

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 ADC/DAC CHARACTERISTICS
 D/A converters are available with wide range of specifications specified
by manufacturer.

 Some of the important specifications are

 Resolution
 Accuracy
 Linearity
 Monotonicity
 Conversion time
 Settling time
 Stability.
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 ADC/DAC CHARACTERISTICS
 Resolution: Resolution is defined as the number of different analog
output voltage levels that can be provided by a DAC. Or alternatively
resolution is defined as the ratio of a change in output voltage resulting
for a change of 1 LSB at the digital input. Simply, resolution is the value
of LSB.
Resolution (Volts) = VOFS/ (2n- 1) = 1 LSB increment
Where ‘n‘ is the number of input bits
‘VoFS’ is the full scale output voltage.
Example: Resolution for an 8 – bit DAC for example is said to have
: 8 – bit resolution
: A resolution of 0.392 of full-Scale (1/255)
: A resolution of 1 part in 255.
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 ADC/DAC CHARACTERISTICS

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 ADC/DAC CHARACTERISTICS
 Accuracy:
 Absolute accuracy is the maximum deviation between the actual converter
output and the ideal converter output. The ideal converter is the one which
does not suffer from any problem. Whereas, the actual converter output
deviates due to the drift in component values, mismatches, aging, noise and
other sources of errors.
 Relative accuracy is the maximum deviation after the gain and offset errors
have been removed. Accuracy is also given in terms of LSB increments or
percentage of full-scale voltage. Normally, the data sheet of a D/A converter
specifies the relative accuracy rather than absolute accuracy.
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 ADC/DAC CHARACTERISTICS
 Linearity:
 Linearity error is the maximum deviation in step size from the ideal step size.
Some D/A converters are having a linearity error as low as 0.001% of full
scale.

 The linearity of a D/A converter is defined as the precision or exactness with

which the digital input is converted into analog output.

 An ideal D/A converter produces equal increments or step sizes at output for
every change in equal increments of binary input.

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 ADC/DAC CHARACTERISTICS
 Monotonicity:
 A Digital to Analog converter is said to be monotonic if the analog output
increases for an increase in the digital input.

 A monotonic characteristics is essential in control applications. Otherwise it

would lead to oscillations.

 If a DAC has to be monotonic, the error should be less than ± (1/2) LSB at
each output level. When a D/A Converter doesn‘t satisfy this condition, then
the output voltage may decrease for an increase in the binary input.

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 ADC/DAC CHARACTERISTICS

 Conversion time: It is the time taken for the D/A converter to produce the
analog output for the given binary input signal. It depends on the response
time of switches and the output of the Amplifier.

 Settling time: It is one of the important dynamic parameter. It represents the

time it takes for the output to settle within a specified band ± (1/2) LSB of its
final value following a code change at the input (Usually a full-scale change).

 A typical settling time ranges from 100 ns to 10 µs depending on the word

length and type of circuit used.

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 ADC/DAC CHARACTERISTICS

 Stability: The ability of a DAC to produce a stable output all the time is
called as Stability.

 The performance of a converter changes with drift in temperature, aging and

power supply variations.

 So all the parameters such as offset, gain, linearity error & monotonicity may
change from the values specified in the datasheet.

 Temperature sensitivity defines the stability of a D/A converter.

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D/A CONVERSION
TECHNIQUES

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Basics of DAC
 DAC: The process of converting any digital form of the signal into analog
form is called DAC

 The DAC accepts n-bit binary word D as the input and combined with
reference voltage VR to give an analog signal.

 Various types of DAC techniques are

 Weighted resistor DAC
 R-2R Ladder
 Inverted R-2R Ladder
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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Basics of DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Basics of DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Basics of DAC
 For voltage output of the DAC, the D/A converter is mathematically
described as,
Vo = K VFS (d12-1 + d22-2 + d32-3 +………+ dn2-n)
where Vo = Output voltage
VFS = Full scale output voltage
K = Scaling factor (normally MODULEy)
d1d2…dn = n-bit binary fractional word with decimal point located at the left

D1=MSB with a weight of VFS/2 & dn =LSB with a weight of VFS/2n

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Problems
 The basic step of a 9-bit DAC is 10.3mV. If 000000000 represents 0V what
output is produced if the input is 101101111
Vo = resolution x D
The output for the input is,
=10.3mV(1x28 + 0x27 + 1x26 + 1x25 + 0x24 + 1x23 + 1x22 + 1x21 + 1x20)
=10.3mV (367)
= 3.78V

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Problems
 What output voltage would be produced by a D/A Converter whose output
range is 0 to 10V and whose binary number is

(i). 10 (for 2-bit DAC)

V0=10V(1x(1/2) + 0x(1/4))=5V

(ii). 0110 (for 4-bit DAC)

V0=10V(0x(1/2) + 1x(1/4) + 1x(1/8) + 0x(1/16)) =3.75V

(iii). 10111100 (for a 8-bit DAC)

V0= 10V( 1x(1/2) + 0x(1/4) + 1x(1/8) + 1x(1/16) + 1x(1/32) + 1x(1/64) + 0 +0)
V0= 7.34V
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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Problems

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Problems

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Problems

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Weighted resistor DAC
 It uses a summing amplifier with a binary weighted resistor network

 It has n-electric switches d1,d2,d3……dn controlled by binary input word

 If the binary input to a particular switch is 1, it connects the resistance to the

reference voltage –VR

 If the binary input bit is 0, the switch connects the resistor to the ground

 The output current I0 for an ideal op-amp can be written as

IT=I1 + I2 + I3 + …….+In
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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Weighted resistor DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Weighted resistor DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Weighted resistor DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
R/2R ladder DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
R/2R ladder DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
R/2R ladder DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
R/2R ladder DAC

For 1000 bit we can see only MSB got 1 and rest all bits got 0. Now see at node1 (N1)
resistor 2R connecting in b4 parallel with resistor 2R.
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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
R/2R ladder DAC

And those 2R parallel 2R resistors make equivalent register of R

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
R/2R ladder DAC

Now for N2 same thing happen B3 series with 2R and parallel with R + R resistors. It will
also make equivalent resistor R at N3.
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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
R/2R ladder DAC

Repeating the same process we got equivalent of R resistor at N4.

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
R/2R ladder DAC
•Now at N4, if we calculate the output analog equivalent voltage then we will get
VA = VR*2R/(R+R+2R)
     = VR/2

•Thus when bit 1000 the output is VR/2. Similarly it can be found that using above
process for bit 0100 the output will be VR/4, for bit 0010 output will be VR/8 and for
bit 0001 output will be VR/16.

•By using superposition theorem we can find in any n-bit ladder network the output
voltage will be
VA = VR/21 + VR/22 + VR/23 + ……. + VR/2n

•Where n is the total number of bits at the input.

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Inverted R/2R ladder DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Inverted R/2R ladder DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Inverted R/2R ladder DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Inverted R/2R ladder DAC

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 D/A CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Inverted R/2R ladder DAC

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 A/D CONVERSION
TECHNIQUES

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 A/D CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Basics of ADC

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 A/D CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Basics of ADC

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 A/D CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
Types of ADC
 ADCs are classified into two groups according to their conversion techniques:
Direct type and Integrating type ADCs.
 Direct type ADC compares a given analog signal with the internally generated
equivalent signal. This group includes
 Flash type converter
 Successive approximation type converter
 Counter type converter
 Tracking or servo converter

 Integrating type ADCs perform integration by first changing the analog input
signal to a linear function of time or frequency then to a digital code.
 Dual slope ADC
 Charge balancing ADC
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 FLASH TYPE
ADC

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 FLASH TYPE ADC

 The flash ADC uses comparators that compare reference voltages with the
analogue input voltage.

 When the analogue voltage exceeds the reference voltage for a given
comparator, a High is generated.

 In general (2n -1) comparators are required. So for an 8-bit conversion 255

comparators are required.

 However the flash ADC provides a fast conversion time because of the parallel
process.
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 FLASH TYPE ADC

 Flash type ADC consist of,

1. Voltage Divider circuit

2. Op-amp as a Comparator

3. Priority encoder

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 FLASH TYPE ADC

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 FLASH TYPE ADC

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 FLASH TYPE ADC

 Advantages:
1. Fast

 Disadvantages:
1. Large no. of parts
2. Large power consumption
3. Lower Resolution

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 SUCCESSIVE
APPROXIMATION
ADC

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 SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION ADC

 A successive approximation ADC is a type of A-to-D

converter that converts a analog signal into  digital signal by

using binary search through all possible quantization levels

before finally converging upon a digital output for each

conversion.

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 SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION ADC

 A successive approximation A/D converter consists,

1. Comparator

2. successive approximation register (SAR)

3. D/A converter

4. output latches

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 SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION ADC
 The main part of the circuit is the 8-bit SAR, whose output is given to an 8-bit
D/A converter.

 The analog output Va of the D/A converter is then compared to an analog
signal Vin by the comparator.

 The output of the comparator is a serial data input to the SAR. Till the digital
output (8 bits) of the SAR is equivalent to the analog input Vin, the SAR adjusts
itself.

 The 8-bit latch at the end of conversation holds onto the resultant digital data
output.
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 SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION ADC

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 SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION ADC

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 A/D CONVERSION TECHNIQUES

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 A/D CONVERSION TECHNIQUES

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 SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION ADC

 Advantages:
1. Capable of high speed and reliable
2. Medium accuracy
3. Good tradeoff between speed and power

 Disadvantages:
1. Complex design
2. Expensive
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 DUAL SLOPE ADC

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 DUAL SLOPE ADC

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 DUAL SLOPE ADC

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 DUAL SLOPE ADC

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 DUAL SLOPE ADC

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 DUAL SLOPE ADC

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 DUAL SLOPE ADC

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 DUAL SLOPE ADC

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 PROBLEMS

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 PROBLEMS
 Implement a 3-bit flash type ADC with R=10k ohm and Vref=0.8v. Plot the
truth table to show the response of priority encoder under different input
levels of Vin voltage. Assume +Vsat = 12V and –Vsat = 0V.
The total resistance of the resistor chain RT = 8 x 10kW = 80kW and Vref =0.8V.

Hence the current flowing down the resistor chain is I = V / RT = 0.8/80 = 0.01mA.
This current flowing through a 10k resistor creates a voltage drop across it of
I x R = 0.01 x 10 = 0.1V, and so:
voltage at point A = 0.1V,
voltage at point B = 0.2V,
voltage at point C = 0.3V,
voltage at point D = 0.4V etc.
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 PROBLEMS

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 PROBLEMS

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 PROBLEMS
The number of comparators  in a 8 bit flash ADC is
                        a.       8
                        b.      64
                        c.      255
                        d.      128

Ans: (c). 255

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 PROBLEMS

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 PROBLEMS
 An 8 bit successive approximation analog to digital converter has full scale
reading of 2.55 volts and its conversion time for an analog input of 1 volt is
20 µs. The conversion time for a 2 volts input is
A a.     10 µs
                        b.      20 µs
                        c.       40 µs
                        d.      50 µs

Ans: (b) 20 µs
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THANK YOU

by evi
a d
U m
S.