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Cardiovascular System Introduction

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Aanchal Gupta
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19 views

Cardiovascular System Introduction

Uploaded by

Aanchal Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The

Cardiovascular
System
Blood
Circulation
The Cardiovascular System
• A closed system of the heart and blood
vessels
– The heart pumps blood
– Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
• The function of the cardiovascular system
is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to
remove carbon dioxide and waste products
The Heart
• Location
– between the
lungs
– Pointed apex
directed toward
left hip
• About the size of
your fist
The Heart: Coverings
• Pericardium –
– Visceral pericardium - Next to heart
– Parietal pericardium
– Fibrous pericardium
• Serous fluid fills the space between the
layers of pericardium
The Heart Wall: 3 layers
• Epicardium
• Outside layer
• Myocardium
• Middle layer
• Mostly cardiac muscle
• Endocardium
• Inner layer
• Endothelium
The Heart: Chambers
• Right and left side act as
separate pumps
• Four chambers
– Atria
• Receiving chambers
– Right atrium
– Left atrium
– Ventricles
• Discharging chambers
– Right ventricle
– Left ventricle
The Heart: Valves
• Allow blood to flow in only one direction
• Four valves
– Atrioventricular valves – between atria and
ventricles
• Bicuspid valve (left)
• Tricuspid valve (right)
– Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery
• Pulmonary semilunar valve
• Aortic semilunar valve
The Heart: Valves
• Valves open as blood is pumped through
• Held in place by chordae tendineae (“heart
strings”)
• Close to prevent backflow
The Heart:
Associated Great Vessels
• Aorta - leaves left ventricle
• Pulmonary arteries - leave right ventricle
• Vena cava - enters right atrium
• Pulmonary veins - enter left atrium
Coronary arteries

 Two Coronary Arteries- Right and left

 Arise from the ascending aorta


1
9
Right coronary supplies
 Most of the right ventricle
 Right atrium
 Conducting system
 Posterior third of the IVS
 Part of the left ventricular diaphragmatic
aspect
 Part of the left atrium
Left coronary
supplies
 Most of the left ventricle
 Most of the left atrium
 Anterior two-thirds of the IVS
 Narrow strip of right ventricle
The Heart: Conduction System
• Intrinsic conduction system
(nodal system)
– Heart muscle cells contract, in a regular,
continuous way
• Special tissue sets the pace
• Sinoatrial node (SA) - Pacemaker
• Atrioventricular node (AV)
• Atrioventricular bundle
• Bundle branches
• Purkinje fibers
Heart Contractions

• Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial node


• Sequential stimulation occurs at other autorhythmic cells
Filling of Heart Chambers – the
Cardiac Cycle
Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System
• Taking blood to the tissues and back
– Arteries
– Arterioles
– Capillaries
– Venules
– Veins
The Vascular System
Blood Vessels: Anatomy
• Three layers (tunics)
– Tunic intima:
• Endothelium
– Tunic media
• Smooth muscle
• Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
– Tunic externa
• Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Differences Between Blood
Vessel Types
• Walls of arteries are the thickest
• Lumens of veins are larger
• Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins
toward the heart
• Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer
thick to allow for exchanges between
blood and tissue
Movement of Blood Through
Vessels
• Most arterial blood is
pumped by the heart
• Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood
Capillary Beds
• Capillary beds
consist of two types
of vessels
– Vascular shunt –
directly connects an
arteriole to a venule
Capillary Beds
• True capillaries –
exchange vessels
• Oxygen and nutrients
cross to cells
• Carbon dioxide and
metabolic waste
products cross into
blood
Major Arteries of Systemic
Circulation
Major Veins of Systemic
Circulation
Arterial Supply of the Brain
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Circulation to the Fetus
Pulse
• Pulse – pressure
wave of blood
• Monitored at
“pressure points”
where pulse is
easily palpated
Blood Pressure
• Measurements by health professionals are
made on the pressure in large arteries
– Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular
contraction
– Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
• Pressure in blood vessels decreases as
the distance away from the heart
increases
Measuring Arterial Blood
Pressure
Developmental Aspects of the
Cardiovascular System
• A simple “tube heart” develops in the
embryo and pumps by the fourth week
• The heart becomes a four-chambered
organ by the end of seven weeks
• Few structural changes occur after the
seventh week
• Thank you

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