A Seminar on

“GIS”
 Agenda
1. What is “GIS”?

2. History of “GIS”

3.Components & Functions of GIS

4. Knowledge Base for GIS

5.GIS System Architecture & Components

6. GIS application domain

7. DSSDI

8. Future of GIS
What is GIS ?

• A method to
visualize, manipulate,
analyze, and display
spatial data

• “Smart Maps”
linking a database to
the map
 Database
Database
““Not
Not Easy
Easy to
to Interpret”
Interpret”
 Visualization
Visualization
“Worth
“Worth aa Thousand
Thousand Words”
Words”
 GIS combines this useful
DATABASE with Visualization
(GUI), to enable users to fire
Queries and thus analyze,
visualize, manipulate spatial
data.
 Two
Two Ways
Ways to
to Input
Input and
and Visualize
Visualize Data
Data
The
The World
World in
in GIS
GIS

• Raster – Grid
– “pixels”
– a location and value
– Satellite images and aerial
photos are already in this
format

Real world • Vector – Linear

– Points, lines & polygons
– “Features” (house, lake, etc.)
– Attributes size, type, length,
etc.
History of “GIS”
 A
A little
little bit
bit of
of history-GIS
history-GIS
• History of GIS dates back to the time when first map was
developed.

• From India’s prespective- the first instance of GIS like

analysis was in 1567.
Way back in 1567, land surveying and map-
making, an integral part of any government, was
pioneered in India by Todarmal who was employed in
military operations in Akbar’s empire. 
 Insipiration
Insipiration for
for GIS
GIS
• In 1854, John Snow depicted a cholera outbreak
in London using points to represent the locations
of some individual cases, possibly the earliest
use of the geographic method. His study of the
distribution of cholera led to the source of the
disease, a contaminated water pump (the Broad
Street Pump, whose handle he disconnected,
thus terminating the outbreak) within the heart of
the cholera outbreak.
• This is considered as the first instance in history,
when geospatial analysis was done.
 John Snow(contd.)
GIS
GIS concepts
concepts are
are not
not new!
new!

London cholera epidemic 1854

+ Cholera death
Water pump

13
 GIS Milestones
• NASA (October 1, 1958)
• NATMO (1956) - National Atlas and Thematic
Mapping Organization (NATMO) - premier organization
in India in the field of preparation of thematic maps.
• 1966- the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), is
established.
• 1968- the first pictures of the Earth from deep space
received from APOLLO mission- this heralded the era of
aerial photography.
• ESRI(1969)-Environmental Science Research Institute
(ESRI) deals in R&D in cartographic data structure,
specialized GIS software tools and creative applications .
Today ESRI continues to set standards in the GIS
industry.
• ISRO(1969)
 Milestones(continued)
• 1985 - GPS (Global Positioning System) becomes
operational.
• 1991 - TCS starts with the TCS GIS group to provide
services in the areas of GIS, Digital Image Processing,
Automated Mapping and Facility Management.
• 1996 - ESRI India is formed
• 1999 - IKONOS : the first commercial 720 kilogram high
resolution imaging satellite. It simultaneously collects
one-metre resolution panchromatic and multispectral
images and is designed to take digital images of the
earth from 680 km. up. Moving at a speed of about
seven kilometres per second, the satellite can distinguish
objects on the earth’s surface as small as one square
metre. The satellite circles the globe 14 times per day, or
once in every 98 minutes. 
 Components of a GIS
 Trained manpower
 Data
Maps, images, attribute data
 Hardware
Like any other hardware with some
extra component (big printer,
digitizer…)
 Software
Storing data, analysis tools
 Procedures
Database development and
analysis
 Presentation
On paper map, digital
 Functions of GIS
The GIS is capable of finding solutions to real-world
problems. A GIS has the following capabilities:

 Data Capture
 Store Data
 Data Manipulation and Editing
 Database Management
 Data Integration and Modeling
 Database Query and Analysis
 Customization and Tools Development
 Output Preparation
 GIS
GIS Application
Application Areas
Areas
• Urban Planning, Management and Policy
- Zoning, subdivision planning
- Tax assessment
- Education system
- Land acquisition
- Economic development
- Code enforcement
- Housing renovation programs
- Emergency response
- Crime analysis
• Health Care
- Epidemiological analysis
- Service inventory
- Needs analysis
 GIS Application Areas(contd.)
• Utility and Civil Engineering
- Locating underground facilities
- Designing alignment for freeways, transit
- Coordination of infrastructure maintenance
• Business
- Market analysis
- Demographic analysis
- Site selection
• Political Science
- Analysis of election results
- Predictive modeling
 GIS Application Areas(contd.)
• Environmental Science
- Monitoring environmental risk
- EIA(Environmental Impact Analysis)
- Modeling storm water runoff
- Management of watersheds, floodplains,
wetlands, forests, aquifers
- Hazardous or toxic facility sitting
- Groundwater modeling and contamination
tracking
• Real Estate
- Neighborhood land price
- Traffic impact analysis
- determination of highest and best use of land
 GIS
GIS Application
Application Areas
Areas (contd.)
(contd.)
• Hydrology
- Watershed management, floodplain management
- Floodplain zonation
- Flood risk and damage assessment
- Storm water and groundwater modeling
 ArcView:
ArcView: GIS
GIS Software
Software
ArcView, a product of Environment System Research Institute
(ESRI), is a software that provides the basic GIS functionality
with an easy-to-use graphic user interface(GUI) which can be
customised for specific applications.
Desktop GIS refer to a GIS that can be installed on a desktop
computer. It aims to provide the user the GIS analysis, query
with mapping facilities.

Capacity
• captures spatial data
• provides a set of tools for spatial data manipulation
• retrieves data from existing or newly created databases
• produces thematic maps
• supports add-on new modules with extensions.
 Knowledge Base for GIS
Knowledge

Computer
Computer Science/MIS
Science/MIS Geography
Geography and
and related
related

graphics
graphics cartography
cartography
visualization
visualization geodesy
geodesy
database
database photogrammetry
photogrammetry
System
System administration
administration landforms
landforms
Security
Security spatial
spatial statistics
statistics

The convergence of technological fields and traditional disciplines

 GIS
GIS System
System Architecture
Architecture and
and Components
Components

Data Input

Query Input

Geographic
Database

Transformation
Output: Display and Analysis
and Reporting
DSSDI
 DSSDI
Delhi state Spatial Data Infrastructure

• Survey of India (SOI), the National Mapping Agency and

Government of Delhi joined their hands together for the
launching of Delhi state Spatial Data Infrastructure
(DSSDI) project. 
• The project is an outcome of a pilot project by
Department of Science and Technology, government of
India on 3D GIS in Chandni Chowk area in Delhi in
collaboration with Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS).
• Government of Delhi felt the usefulness of GIS and
decided to create a GIS for entire NCT of Delhi and to
complete it well before Common Wealth Games -2010.
 DSSDI(contd.)
DSSDI(contd.)
• The project will cover a total area of NCT Delhi of
approximately 1500 Sq. km.
• The project will facilitate detection of illegal
constructions.
• enable monitoring of any changes being made in respect
of land and building
• The project comprises of two major components, Land
Information System (LIS) of NCT of Delhi and Urban
Spatial Information System (USIS).
• The system developed will be used for disaster
management, traffic management, security of
important buildings and other valuable infrastructural
assets in Delhi.
 DSSDI(contd.)
DSSDI(contd.)
• This project is web based 2-D and 3-D
GIS.

• GPS network monumentation for every 1

sq. km

• Installation of 70 IP cameras on high rise

buildings.
 Future of GIS
• 3D GIS – A Technology Whose Time Has Come

• Web-Based GIS –
There is a paradigm shift from Desktop GIS towards
Web-Based GIS because of the following reasons:
• Reduces License Costs.
• No Desktop Installations.
• All installations are silent behind the scenes over the
Intranet.
• Easy access to data by any kind of user.
• Data Updation from Multiple Data Sources.
2D GIS
3D GIS
Thank You!!
 References:

• ESRI
• www.gisdevelopment.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.gis.com
• NIIT GIS LTD.
• ESRI India