INTERFERENCE UNIT II

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 INTERFERENCE
Syllabus:

 Introduction to Co-Channel Interference

 Real time Co-Channel interference measurement
 Design of Antenna system
 Antenna parameters and their effects
 Diversity Receiver
 Non Cochannel Interference-different types

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Interference:

Interference is the phenomenon when two or more

different signals mix with each other.
In particular anything which alters,
modifies, or
disrupts a message as it travels along a channel
between a source and a receiver.
The interferences that usually occur in
cellular communications
 Cochannelare
Interference &

 Non Co-Channel Interferences

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 Introduction to Co-Channel Interference

This interference occurs because the frequency reuse scheme is applied

to those systems in which the channels operate at the same frequency but
repeatedly in separate locations is called Co-Channel Interference.
The cochannel interference is usually involved with FDMA, TDMA, and
OFDMA systems.
If the specified separation is large, the cochannel interference is reduced,
but the number of the cochannel in a given area is also reduced. As a result, the
capacity of system will reduce.
Therefore, we have to find an optimal separation from which the
reduction level of cochannel interference is acceptable and the capacity reaches to
a maximum.
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 Introduction to Co-Channel Interference

In most mobile radio environments, use of a seven-cell reuse pattern is not

sufficient to avoid co-channel interference Increasing K > 7 is one technique.

But it would reduce the number of co-channels per cell, and that would also
reduce spectrum efficiency. Therefore, it might be advisable to retain the same number
of radios as the seven-cell system but to sector the cell radially.

This technique would reduce cochannel interference and by using channel

sharing and channel borrowing schemes the spectrum efficiency can be increased
heavily.

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EXPLORING COCHANNEL INTERFERENCE AREAS IN A SYSTEM :

When customer demand increases, the channels, which are

limited in number, have to be repeatedly reused in different areas, which
provides many cochannel cells, thus increases the system’s capacity. But
cochannel interference may be the result.
In this situation, the received voice quality is affected by both
the grade of coverage and the amount of cochannel interference. For
detection of serious channel interference areas in a cellular system, two
tests are suggested.

Test 1: Find the Cochannel Interference Area From a Mobile

Receiver

Test 2: Find the Cochannel Interference Area Which Affects a

Cell Site
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 Finding the Cochannel Interference Area From a Mobile Receiver

Cochannel interference that occurs in one channel will occur equally in all
the other channels in a given area. We can then measure cochannel interference by
selecting any one channel and transmitting on that channel at all cochannel sites at
night while the mobile receiver is traveling in one of the cochannel cells.

For a Properly designed system with good capacity & without interference
the C/ I ration must be greater then 18 db.

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cochannel interference at the mobile unit. 8
Finding the Cochannel Interference Area From a Mobile Receiver

1.If the carrier-to-interference ratio C/I is greater than 18 dB throughout

most of the cell, the system is properly designed for capacity.

2.If C/I is less than 18 dB and C/N is greater than 18 dB in some areas,
there is cochannel interference.

3.If both C/N and C/I are less than 18 dB and C/N = C/I in a given area,
there is a coverage problem.

4.If both C/N and C/I are less than 18 dB and C/N > C/I in a given area,
there is a coverage problem and cochannel interference.

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 Finding the Cochannel Interference Area Which Affects a Cell Site

To record the signal strength at every cochannel cell site while a mobile unit is
traveling either in its own cell First we find the areas in an interfering cell in which the
top 10 percent level of the signal transmitted from the mobile unit in those areas is
received at the desired site (J th cell in Fig). This top 10 percent level can be distributed in
different areas in a cell. The average value of the top 10 percent level signal strength is
used as the interference level from that particular interfering cell.
The mobile unit also travels in different interfering cells. Up to six interference
levels are obtained from a mobile unit running in six interfering cells. We then calculate
the average of the bottom 10 percent level of the signal strength which is transmitted
from a mobile unit in the desired cell (J th cell) and received at the desired cell site as a
carrier reception level.

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cochannel interference at the cell site.
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 Then we can reestablish the carrier-to-interference ratio received at a desired
cell, say, the J th cell site as follows.

The number of cochannel cells in the system can be less than six. We must be
aware that all CJ and Ii were read in decibels.

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REAL TIME CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE MEASUREMENT
AT MOBILE RADIO TRANSCEIVERS

INTERFERENCE UNIT II

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 REAL TIME CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
MEASUREMENT AT MOBILE RADIO
TRANSCEIVERS
When the carriers are angularly modulated by the voice signal and the RF
frequency difference between them is much higher than the fading frequency,
measurement of the signal carrier-to-interference ratio C/I reveals that the signal is

and the interference is

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The received signal is

Where

And

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 The term S2(t) + I2(t) fluctuates close to the fading frequency V/λ and the
term 2S(t) I(t) cos(φ1 − φ2) fluctuates to a frequency close to d/dt(φ1 − φ2), which is
much higher than the fading frequency. Then the two parts of the squared envelope
can be separated as

and

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Assume that the random variables S(t), I (t), φ1, and φ2 are independent; then the
average processes on X and Y are

The signal to Interference ratio becomes

where

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 DESIGN OF ANTENNA
SYSTEM

INTERFERENCE UNIT II

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 DESIGN OF ANTENNA
SYSTEM

The design of Antenna system can be considered with two cases

• DESIGN OF AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA SYSTEM IN THE WORST CASE

• DESIGN OF A DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA SYSTEM

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 Unit II
Co-channel Interference
Reduction Factor
Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor :

Reusing an identical frequency channel in different cells is limited by

cochannel interference between cells, and the cochannel interference can become a major
problem. Here it is needed to find the minimum frequency reuse distance in order to
reduce this cochannel interference.

Assume that the size of all cells is roughly the same. The cell size is
determined by the coverage area of the signal strength in each cell. As long as the cell
size is fixed, cochannel interference is independent of the transmitted power of each cell.
It means that the received threshold level at the mobile unit is adjusted to the size of the
cell.
 Co Channel Cells in each cluster
Frequency reuse pattern causing Co Channel
Interference depending on D &R:
 Cochannel interferenceis a function of a parameter q defined as

q is called as co channel interference reduction factor. When the ratio q

increases, cochannel interference decreases.

The separation D is a function of KI and C/I. Where KI is the number of

cochannel interfering cells in the first tier and C/I is the received carrier-to-
interference ratio at the desired mobile receiver
 The carrier to interference ratio is given by the below equation. Because

The interference is because of all the first tier interfering cells. In a fully
equipped hexagonal-shaped cellular system, there are always six cochannel
interfering cells in the first tier. For K = 7 cell pattern.

Cochannel interference can be experienced both at the cell site and at

mobile units in the center cell.
Effective Interfering First tier & Second tier Cells
 The Carrier Power at a distance R for wireless communication is directly
proportional to for free space gamma value is 2. For Wireless communications its value
varies from 2 to 5.
C∞
Where C is Carrier Power that transmitted from the base station
& R is the distance between base station and mobile unit.
Hence the carrier to interference ratio can be expressed as
 DESIRED C/I
FROM A NORMAL CASE IN AN
OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA SYSTEM
DESIRED C/I FROM AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA SYSTEM :

There are two cases to be considered while estimating Carrier to Interference ratio
by using Omni Directional Antenna Pattern.

(1) The signal and cochannel interference received by the mobile unit and
(2) The signal and cochannel interference received by the cell site.

In both the cases Nm, and Nb are the local noises at the mobile unit and thecell
site are neglected when compared with interference level.
Cochannel interference from six interferers,
(a) Receiving at the cell site (b) receiving at the mobile unit.
 As long as the received carrier-to-interference ratios at both the mobile unit and
the cell site are the same, the system is called a balanced system. In a balanced system,

As
 Normal cellular practice is to specify C/I to be 18 dB or higher based on
subjective tests.

C/I = 18 Db or 63.1

The path-loss slope γ is equal to about 4 in a mobile radio

environment.

Therefore the cochannel reduction factor in omni directional pattern is

 UNIT II

ANTEN N A PARAMETERS A N D THEIR

O N EFFECTS CO- C H AN NE L
INTERFERENCE
 Reduction of cochannel interference in a cellular mobile
system is always a challenging problem. A number of methods can be
considered, such as

(1) Increasing the separation between two cochannel cells,

(2) Using directional antennas at the base station, or
(3) Lowering the antenna heights at the base station.

The Method 1 cannot be advisable because as the number of

frequency-reuse cells increases i.e cluster size increases, the system
efficiency decreases i.e. the number of channels per cell, decreases.
Let us discuss about the other two,
 Antenna Parameters

The antenna parameters that effect the Co Channel Interference in

Cellular Communications are :

Antenna Height

Antenna Pattern

Antenna

Tilting

Antenna Gain
 Antenna Height

The Height of the Antenna is directly proportional to

coverage area. i.e. as the height of antenna increases the coverage area
also increases. In other terms as the height of antenna increases the Co-
Channel Interference also increases.

But lowering the antenna height does not always reduce

the cochannel interference.

On fairly flat ground or in a valley situation, lowering the

antenna height will be very effective for reducing the cochannel and
adjacent-channel interference.
 Case 1 : On a High Hill or a High Spot :

The effective antenna height, rather than the actual height, is always
considered in the system design. Therefore, the effective antenna height
varies according to the location of the mobile unit.

When the antenna site is on a hill as shown in fig.

The effective antenna height is h1 + H.

 If we reduce the actual antenna height to 0.5h1, the
effective antenna height becomes 0.5h1 + H.

The reduction in gain resulting from the height reduction is

G = gain reduction =

If h1 << H,
then

This simply proves that lowering antenna height on the hill does not
reduce the received power at either the cell site or the mobile unit.
 Case 2 : In a Valley :

The effective antenna height as seen from the mobile unit shown
in fig. is he1, which is less than the actual antenna height h1. If he1 = 2/3h1
and the new antenna height is lowered to 1/2h1,

Then the new effective antenna height is

 Then the antenna gain is reduced by

This simply proves that the lowered antenna height in a valley is

very effective in reducing the radiated power in a distant high elevation
area. However, in the area adjacent to the cell-site antenna, the effective
antenna height is the same as the actual antenna height.

The power reduction caused by decreasing antenna

height by
half is
 Case 3 : In a Forested Area :

In a forested area, the antenna should clear the tops of any

trees in the vicinity, especially when they are very close to the antenna. In
this case, decreasing the height of the antenna would not be the proper
procedure for reducing cochannel interference.

Because excessive attenuation of the desired signal would

occur in the vicinity of the antenna and in its cell boundary if the antenna
were below the treetop level.
 Hence Lowering the height of the antenna is also not
recommended for decreasing Co Channel Interference.

Because such an arrangement weakens the reception level at

the mobile unit. And this decrement in the height of Antenna decreases
the coverage area resulting many weak spots in the Cell.
 Antenna Pattern

However, Using directional antennas at base station is a good

approach, especially when the number of frequency-reuse cells is fixed.
The use of directional antennas in each cell can serve two purposes:

(1) Further reduction of cochannel interference if the interference cannot

be eliminated by a fixed separation of cochannel cells. &

(2) Increasing the channel capacity when the traffic increases.

 Under normal circumstances radiation from a cochannel serving
site can easily interfere with another cochannel cell.

Installation of a 120◦ directional antenna can reduce the

interference in the system by eliminating the radiation to the rest of its
240◦ sector.

However, cochannel interference can exist even when a

directional antenna is used, as the serving site can interfere with the
cochannel cell that is directly ahead. But its impact very less when
compared with the previous one.
The co channel interfering cells with directional antennas.
 UMBRELLA PATTERN EFFECT :

The umbrella pattern can be achieved by use of a staggered discone

antenna. It can be applied to reduce cochannel interference just as the
downward tilted directional antenna pattern is. The umbrella pattern can be
used for an omnidirectional pattern, but not for a directional antenna pattern.

The tilted directional antenna pattern can create a notch after tilting
20◦ or more in front of the beam, but the umbrella pattern cannot.

To suppress long distance interference in terms of Cochannel

interference, especially cross talk, the umbrella pattern antenna is best
suitable.
Umbrella pattern antenna:
 Antenna Tilting

Changing the alignment of antenna from its normal position is

termed as antenna tilting. It is used to

 Enhance the weak spots in the coverage area

 Reduce the interference to neighboring cells.

To reduce co channnel Interference present in the system we use

Antenna Tilting.
 Antenna Gain

Antenna Gain must be more to reduce the requirement of

transmission power to cover a particular region.

As the transmission power requires a very costly power supplies

if the gain of antenna is less it radiates only less amount. Hence coverage
area reduces.

But as the gain increases the coverage area increases. If it

increases the Co channel Interference also increases. So to reduce CCI
high gain antennas with low power transmission is used.