TEACHING- LEARNING

METHODS

Teaching Methods Refers to the orderly, logical

course of action to accomplish a particular
educational goal.
 Guideline for the selection of
Teaching Method
●Method should be suited to objective and contents of the
subject matter
● Method should suit the level of the student.
● Method should be used creatively
● Method should suit teachers style.
● Method should address the challenge.
● Selection should consider available resources.
A lecture is an
oral presentation
intended to present
information or
teach people about
a particular subject.
 Types of Lecture
A. Traditional oral essay
➢ The teacher is an orator and the only
speaker.

B. Participatory Lecture
➢ begins with learners brainstorming ideas on
the lecture topic on what they have read
in preparation.
C. Feedback Lecture
➢ Consists with mini lectures with 10-minute
small group discussion
➢ opportunity to manipulate the lecture
content

D. Mediated Lecture
➢ Use of media such as films, slides, Web-
based images along with traditional lecture.
Component of Lecture Method
● 1. Introduction of Lecture:

Starting with idea taking

● 2. The Body Of Lecture:

Content
matter
● 3.Conclusion:

Feedback with question- Answer

Purposes of Lecturing
●Lectures can be an efficient means of introducing
learners a new topic.
●It can be used to stimulate students’ interest in a
subject.
● It can also be used to inspire people.
●To integrate and synthesize a large body of
knowledge. (Parker, 1993)
●“The lecture is valuable where knowledge is
advancing and up-to-date textbooks are not
available.” (Jones,1990)
 Advantages of the
Lecture Method
1. It is economical in terms of student time.
➢ A great deal of information can be
communicated in a one hour lecture.
➢ More pertinent information can be taught to a
student.

2. The lecturer can supplement a textbook by

enhancing a topic and making it come to life.
3. The teacher serves as a role model for students.

4. Lectures bring enjoyment to the learners.

5. It helps students develop their listening skills.

 Disadvantages of the
Lecture Method
1. It lends itself to the teaching of the facts while
placing little emphasis on problem solving, decision
making, analytical thinking, or transfer of learning.
(Black. 1993)

2. Lecturing is not conducive to meeting students’

individual needs.

3. Lecturing brings with it the problem of limited

attention span on the part of the learners.
 Delivering the Lecture
1. Control your anxiety.
➢ An effective control mechanism is imaging.

2. Spontaneity
➢ Avoid reading to the class.
➢ Do not write your lecture out in full sentences.
➢ Rehearse the delivery at home.
3. Voice quality
➢Beware of lecturing in monotone.

4. Body language
➢Do not stand glued to the podium.
➢Use your hand for emphasis but not too much.
➢Be aware of your body language.
➢Maintain eye contact.
4. Speed of delivery
➢Affects both the learner’s comprehension
and enjoyment of the material.

5. Getting of the right foot

➢Casual conversation for a minute to
establish rapport
➢Give an opening “attention getter”
DEMONSTRATION METHOD
What is Demonstration?
● Demonstration is
‘an act of showing something by giving proof or
evidence’

‘an instance of some body showing and explaining how

something works or is done’

(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary)

What is Demonstration
Method?
●Demonstration method is a visual approach to
examining information, ideas and processes.
●It is a teaching method that allows students to see
the teacher actively engaged as a learner and a
model rather than merely telling them what they
need to know.
Types of Demonstration
1. Pure Demonstration
- Purely visual method of instruction
2. Demonstration with commentary
- Harmonious blend of visual and verbal modes of
instruction
3. Participative Demonstration
- Allows students to attempt either to replicate all or
parts of demonstrations
Steps to carry out effective
Demonstrations
1. Carefully plan the demonstration
2. Practice the demonstration
3. Develop an outline to guide the demonstration
4. Make sure everyone can see the demonstration
5. Introduce the demonstration to focus attention
6. Ask and encourage questions
7. Plan a follow up to the demonstration
Component of Demonstration
● Before Demonstration-
Planning

● During Demonstration- Action

● After Demonstration- Feedback

Advantages
1. This method of teaching serves as model laboratory
instruction.
2.Experiment shown as demonstration points out this matter of
observation and indicates this inference.
3.It makes the pupils familiar with the nature and use of
apparatus.
4.Experiments requiring special skill will merely be shown by the
teacher. In this method no time is wasted.
5.Teacher's time is properly utilized in watching the students
doing experiments.
6.While doing practical, there remains no necessity for
explaining except educating precautions.
7.This method proves more useful if the pupils are told
beforehand that they are going to do practical in the laboratory.
Disadvantages
1.There is danger of students being dishonest when
teacher has to play the main role in the discussion and
demonstration of the topic.
2.Teachers may be tempted to lecture rather than to
teach.
3.Teachers do not try for more experiments than those
given in the text book prescribed.
4.Oral discussion may not be encouraged, since it will go
to restrict the demonstration experiment.
5.Practical as required may not go hand in hand with
demonstration work.
Introduction
●Exchange of ideas between several people is the best
process of learning and teaching from one another.
In the classroom environment ,discussion is the best
way of promoting conducive learning and convenient
teaching situation.
●It refers to the method of instruction which give
pupils an opportunity to express their views or
opinions orally on certain issues.
●One person speaks at a time,while others are listen. It
doesn't always involve the presentation of new
information and concepts. It also invoves sharing of
ideas and experiences ,solving problems and
promoting tolerance with understanding.
 Purposes and Advantages of
Discussion Method
1.Give learners an opportunity to apply
principle, concepts, and theories.

2. Clarification of information and

concepts

3.Students can learn process of group problem

solving.

4. Attitudes can be changed through

discussion.
 Disadvantages of the
Discussion
➢ Method
It takes a lot of time.

➢ It is effective only to a small group.

➢ One person or a few people monopolized the

discussion.
 Discussion Techniques
1. Make your expectations clear.
2. Set the ground rules.
3. Arrange the physical space.
4. Plan a discussion starter.
5. Facilitate, don’t discuss.
6. Encourage quiet group members.
7. Don’t allow monopolies.
8. Direct the discussion among members.
9. Keep the discussion on track.
10. Clarify when confusion reigns.
11. Tolerate some silence.
12. Summarize when appropriate
●The seminar method is the most modern and
advanced method of teaching. A seminar is an
advanced group technique which is usually used in
higher education. It is an instructional technique it
involves generating a situation for a group to have a
guided interaction among themselves on a theme.
●It refers to a structured group discussion what usually
follows a formal lecture or lectures often in the form
of an essay or a paper presentation on a theme.
(Basic Principles) to be included in the seminar:
●This seminar method depends with the lingual, social and
emotional instances and its maturity level.
●The complex and undefined concept or article must be
read and discussed for the meaningful learning
experiences and new concept.
●The value and success of the seminar depends on the path
of the learner and their learning experiences through the
discussion.
●Both the group and learner can transform their ideas and
to derive a new conclusion also be anticipated.
●In the lower level of learning experiences the
concepts are explanatory but in this higher level
of learning experience the theme or concept
centered and need more evidences and
explanations through the discussion.
●The interactions in this method develop
observation and questioning skills, evaluation
skills using their own learning experience.
Advantages and special
features of Seminar Method.
●This seminar method gives good motivation and
learning experience.
● Help to evaluate the learn-ability of learners.
●Regulate the creating and organizing of facts and
information.
● Develop the self reliance and self confidence.
●Students’ interaction is possible in participation
and production of teaching learning process.
●Traditional monotony is abolished in this
method.
●Ensures the understandability and enhances the
capability of the students learning.
●Seminar is always subject / theme specific, so
that sufficient knowledge about the concerned
subject can be developed.
●The presenter or the reader of the article can get
further clarifications in his subject.
● Develop the questioning skills.
●The student receives good information from his
teacher and the fellow students.
Types of Seminar
● Mini seminar : Its coverage and scope are small and simple.
● Major seminar : The seminar conducted at an institutional or
departmental level for a specific topic or subject
● National seminar : academic or professional interest or an
organization (Government, Firm, etc.,) conducts the seminar at
National level
● International seminar : Usually the seminar conducted by an
international organization or agency
Seminar Committee:
1.Chairperson or President / Convenor of Seminar
Naturally, S/he may be the apex person of the Institution /
Department / Government / Firm / Policy maker of the concerned
body or agency.
2. Organizing Secretary of Seminar
Usually he is nominated by the Chair person or President of the
Seminar committee. S/he must be a good administrator and
subject expert in the field proposed theme of the seminar.
3.Chairperson of the Technical Session of seminar
S/he must be the person with expertise in the theme proposed for
the seminar. S/he would have a good experience to perform all the
activities of technical session which is vital to the seminar.
● 4. Speaker of Seminar:
S/he is the active participant of seminar presenting his / her
paper among the other participants in the presence of
Chair Person of Technical session of seminar.
● 5. Participants / Paper presenters of seminar
The people who are presenting papers and observing
the paper presentation by participating in the
seminar are termed as Paper presenters and
Participants of the seminar.
Steps involved in Seminar:
●The seminar is a process which allows the persons to
discuss a theme in a peer group with subject experts
in an objective method. The steps of the seminar
method are classified in to following three steps:

- Before seminar (pre seminar phase)

- At the course of seminar (seminar phase)
- After the seminar (post seminar phase)
Limitations of Seminar method
● Setting up of a seminar for every topic in the Text is not feasible.
● The subject area to be taught must be relevant to the theme of
the seminar.
● The seminar themes must conform the learning experiences to
be inculcated to the students.
● This method found fit for higher learning only.
● Implementation of this method for lower classes is boring.
● Only matured and balanced minded teachers can make this
method successful.
● The teacher must be resourceful (both in academic
and administrative) in nature.
● Time management is some what difficult.
Seminar method – An example.
● Topic in the Text book to be taught under seminar method:
Water Pollution & its Preventive measures and awareness to
public.
● Teacher discusses about the topic of seminar and selects the
organizing secretary for the Seminar.
● The organizing secretary prepares a panel of subject experts
with the help of teacher. With the advice of Head master,
organizing secretary and the teacher form a committee and
select the Chair person for Technical Session and Speakers.
● The organizing secretary classifies the seminar theme into
sub-themes which are relevant with the learning experiences
with the help of teacher and selected eminent students.
● The organizing secretary prepares a circular for information
about the Seminar theme and its sub-themes, Venue, Time,
requirements etc.
A sample circular:
Dear Student Teacher
I am pleased to furnish below the details of the Seminar
on Water Pollution & its Preventive measures and
awareness to public' to be held on Nov 14th, 2014, at
Gothava.
Your active participation is highly solicited and get the
benefit of this event. I also request you to kindly share
information regarding the Seminar with your friends
of the academic circle. Kindly refer the circular
enclosed for further information.
[Abhishek Jain]
Organizing Secretary
 PANEL
DISCUSSIO
N:
Panel of IPL
Introduction
●Panel Discussion An orderly and logical conversation
on a given topic by 4 or more experts in the presence
of a moderator, in front of an audience.
● Topic is discussed from many angles
● But not all aspects of the topic are covered
● Moderator should keep it logical and balanced
● Audience is passive, except ‘panel-forum’
●A discussion in which few persons ( panel) carry on a
conversation in front of the audience.
● Large group
● Benefit of small discussion group for large
● Different point view
● Free exchange of opinion
● Not to solve a problem
● Clarify thinking
● Respect others opinion
Parts

● Chairman/ moderator

● Members of the panel/ panelists

● Audience
Panel:

●Panel 4-8 members Facing the

audience Quick thinkers No rehearsal

Need individual preparation
Chairman ::

● Chairman Neutral referee

● Sense of fair play
● Wide mental flexibility
● Focus on the subject
● Provide equal opportunity
Audience :
●Audience Opportunity to ask questions to
specific speakers
● Evaluate replay
● Make constructive contributions
Process :
●Introduce the panel by name and experience
Announce the topic
● Limit the discussion in specific areas
●Start from a comment or a question towards a
speaker
● Occasional summary
● Encourage different view to express
●General summary and discussions open to the
audience
Types

● Public panel discussion

● Educational panel discussion
Public panel discussion
● These are organized for common men problems.
● Objectives:
➢To provide factual information regarding current
problems
➢To determine social values
➢To recreate the common men E.g. annual budget,
educated unemployment , increase in price of things.
EDUCATIONAL PANEL DISCUSSIONS
●Used in educational institutions to provide
factual & conceptual knowledge and
clarification of certain theories and
principles.
●Some times these are organized to find out
the solutions of certain problems
Objectives
●To provide factual information and
conceptual knowledge
●To give awareness of theories and
principles
● To provide solution of certain
problems
Characteristics of panel discussion:
●Used in university & college level to organize
teaching at reflective level
● Develops the ability of problem solving
●Helps to understand nature, problem or theme of
discussion
●Develops ability of presentation of theme and giving
their point of view logically.
●Develops right type of attitude and ability to tolerate
anti- ideas of others
● Helps in creative thinking
● Develops manners of putting Qn.s & answering
them
Advantages
● Encourages social learning
● Cognitive and affective objectives are achieved
● Problem solving ability and logical thinking
● Respect to others ideas and feelings
● Opportunity of assimilation of content
● Creativity as well as criticism
Limitations
● Deviation from the theme while discussion

● Some members dominate

●Sometimes do not provide a conducive

learning
● environment Time consuming
SYMPOSIUM
Introduction
●Symposium is Series of prepared talks by 2-5
persons with a chair-person, in front of an
audience 10-20 minutes each, on different aspects
of a topic
●Audience is passive except when allowed question
time, ‘symposium-is Best for presentation of new
ideas/ controversial topic.
● Formal atmosphere / passive audience
Meaning
●“Conference on a particular topic.” Meeting
of persons to discuss a problem or theme .
The views on a theme are presented in a
sequence , the specific aspect of a theme is
presented by an expert of the theme .
Definition
●“ A meeting or conference for discussion of a
topic, especially one in which the participant from
an audience and make presentations”.
●“ A collections of writing on a particular topic, as
in a magazine” “ A conference organized for the
discussion of some particular subject”
Objectives
●To identify and understand two various
aspects of theme and problems
●To identify the ability to take decision and
judgment regarding a problem
●To develop values and feelings regarding a
problem
Principles
● Primary objectives stated
● Chairperson competent for his role
●original presentations are as objective and
accurate as possible
●Always include a summary at the
conclusion
Characteristics
● Broad understanding of the topic or problem
●Opportunities are provided to the listeners to
take decision about the problem
●Used for higher classes for specific themes and
problems
●Develops the feeling of cooperation and
adjustment
● Provides different views
Purposes
●Investigate a problem from several points
of view
● Makes the students to study
independently
●Boosts the students ability to speak in a
group
Technique of symposium
●Teacher should plan the programme ahead of
time
●Each member of the class , as well as the student
speakers should known the Objectives of
symposium and breadth of the topic
● Chairman introduces the topic
●The topic is presented by the students taking 15-
20 min
● Conclusion by the chairperson
Advantages
● It is suited to a large group class
● Can be used fluently to present broad topics
● Gives deeper insight into the topic
●Directs the students for continues independent
study
● Lends itself to the teaching of the clinical
subjects
● This method can be used in the political
meetings
Disadvantages
●Inadequate opportunity for all the students to
participate actively
● The speech is limited to 15-20 minutes
● Limited audience participation
●Possibility of overlapping of subjects or
information
Field Trips
What is a Field Trip

●A field trip is defined as any teaching and

learning excursion outside of the classroom.

●There are two types of field trips – Physical

and Virtual.
● Physical Field Trip Examples
school playground, school board outdoor
education centres,, protective wet lands, science
centres, museums, zoos, fire stations, veterinary
clinics, agricultural operations.
● Virtual Field Trip Examples
Ministry Licensed Software The Digital Field Trip to the
Wetlands, Rainforest etc.
● http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/cti/virt.html

website will allow you to visit and explore by subject

various educational learning field trips, create your
own field trip or visit other virtual field trips that are
located across the web.
Advantages
● To make a connection between reality and theory.
● Can be used as an introduction to a unit .
● To provide an authentic learning experience
●Exciting, children get to meet and interact with
others
●They can experience all five senses, see, touch, feel,
smell, taste
●Children remember the field trips because they learn
using different methodology .
How to Plan and Run a Successful Physical Field Trip
● Planned and effectively organized
● Check for school/board policy on field trips
● Children to supervisor ratios
● Transportation procedures
● Fund raising
● Plan with children as much as possible
● Involve school principal and vice-principal
● Ensure field trip compliments the curriculum by meeting specific
expectations
● Ensure students have necessary background knowledge prior to field
trip.
● Be sure to visit the site ahead of time, in order to plan for safety,
resources and resource personnel, facility.
● Plan on route activities to enrich their experience during the
field trip.
● Provide parents with rationalization for the field trip