Scribd
Upload
63 views15 pages

Introduction to Digital Systems Design

This document introduces digital systems design and compares digital and analog representations of information. It discusses how digital systems use binary digits or bits to represent information with discrete high and low values, while analog systems represent information continuously using physical quantities. It also describes how digital systems combine bits into positional number systems to represent more values, and how this allows for both increased precision and limitations in exact representation compared to analog systems. Finally, it distinguishes between combinational and sequential digital circuits based on whether the output depends only on current inputs or also on previous states.

Uploaded by

AG Singla
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
63 views15 pages

Introduction to Digital Systems Design

This document introduces digital systems design and compares digital and analog representations of information. It discusses how digital systems use binary digits or bits to represent information with discrete high and low values, while analog systems represent information continuously using physical quantities. It also describes how digital systems combine bits into positional number systems to represent more values, and how this allows for both increased precision and limitations in exact representation compared to analog systems. Finally, it distinguishes between combinational and sequential digital circuits based on whether the output depends only on current inputs or also on previous states.

Uploaded by

AG Singla
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 1

Introduction to Digital Systems Design

ECEn 224
Digital vs. Analog
• Analog systems represent information
using physical quantities
– Voltage on a wire, magnetic field strength
• Digital systems represent information
using binary digits, or bits
– 1 or 0, high or low, on or off

2
Positional Number Systems
• Two discrete values are insufficient for
most applications
• We combine bits to represent more values
• We use a positional number system for
binary just like we do in decimal

3
Positional Number Systems
• Decimal, base 10, means we have 10 digits (0-9)
• Decimal example:
103210 = 1x103 + 0x102 + 3x101 + 2x100
• Hexadecimal, base 16, means we have 16 digits (0-9, A-F)
• Hexadecimal example:
2A516 = 2x162 + 10x161 + 5x160 = 512 + 160 + 5 = 677
• Binary, base 2, follows the same pattern
• Binary example:
10112 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11
• Counting in any base is analogous to counting in decimal

4
Digital vs. Analog
• Analog thermometer
– 0V to 10V, could be used to represent 0° to
100° F
– Each 1/10th volt represents 1 degree
• Digital thermometer
– 7-bit binary number could be used to
represent 0° to 127° F
– Seven bits can be used to represent the
numbers 0 to 127
5
Digital Precision
• How would you represent 10.5° F?
• Analog example: 1.05V
• Digital example: ????
– 00010102 = 1010
– 00010112 = 1110
– We must either add bits or decrease the
range

6
Digital Precision
• 9-bit thermometer, 0° to 127.75° F
– Each discrete number increase represents 0.25° F
– 10.5° F  10.5/0.25 = 42 = 1010102
• 7-bit thermometer, 0° to 12.7° F
– Each discrete number represents 12.7°/127 = 0.1° F
– 10.5° F  10.5/0.1 = 105 = 11010012
• It is not possible to represent all values exactly
using digital representation
– Example: 1/3 can’t be represented in binary, just like it
can’t be represented in decimal

7
Example: Analog Photography

• An analog camera uses a chemical


reaction in the film when exposed to light
• The amount of exposure is directly related
to the amount of light that hits the film

8
Example: Digital Photography
• A digital camera uses an array of light-
sensitive receptors that measure the light
as a binary number
• Image quality is determined mostly by two
factors:
– The number of bits per pixel
– The number of pixels per image

9
Example: Digital Photography

1284x897 pixels, 24-bit color 100x70 pixels, 24-bit color

1284x897 pixels, 6-bit color 100x70 pixels, 6-bit color 10


Analog vs. Digital Storage
• Analog storage mediums fade over time due to
gradual physical degradation
– Photos turn yellow with time
– Cassette audio tapes lose their clarity
• Digital storage mediums don’t “fade” like analog
– If a 0 or 1 fades it will still be a 0 or 1
– A .jpg image taken 10 years ago is exactly the
same today

11
Analog vs. Digital Storage
• Making an analog copy implies measuring the
storage medium
– Always introduces some errors
– Copies of copies are even worse
• Making digital copies implies distinguishing 0’s
from 1’s so copies are exact
– Copies can be made without any error
– Copies of copies are identical

12
Analog vs. Digital Processing
• Modern computers and digital circuits
make it easy to do extremely complex
processing
• Digital processing allows precision and
error to be exactly predicted

13
Combinational vs. Sequential Circuits

• Digital circuits consist of binary inputs and


outputs
A
B X
C Y
D

• In combinational circuits, the output is a direct


function of its inputs
• In sequential circuits the output depends on the
current input and previous inputs
– Sequential circuits contain memory that tracks state
– A clock is used to signal when to change states

14
Combinational vs. Sequential
• Combinational example: Clock chime
– Inputs: seconds and minutes
– Output: chime
– Behavior: Output chime is 1 if and only if seconds is
0 and minutes is 0, 15, 30, or 45.
• Sequential example: Counter
– Inputs: inc and clk
– Output: count
– Behavior: Increment count on clk edge if and only if
inc is 1

15

You might also like