CSP STUDY NOTES

Management Styles/Theories
• Matrix: • Herzberg:
– rows and columns w/ – “Motivation” Hygiene
projects and managers Theory:
• hygiene factors: salary,
• Leikert: status, challenging work,
benefits
– “participation” at all levels
• motivation factor:
– BHR Theory: worker achievement, promotion,
productivity and supervisor recognition; responsibility
control are inversely • McGregor:
proportional
– Theory “X”: lazy employees
– Exploitive-authoritative;
Benevolent-authoritative;
– Theory “Y”: motivated
Consultative employees
 Management Styles/Theories
• Argyris: • Span of Control:
– # of employees reporting to one
– Employees treated like manager should be limited
children and/or adults •
TQM:
will act like such – philosophy and technique that
– Conflict theory: uses statistical theory to improve
production quality and
– Leveling: boss doesn’t performance
make all the decisions – Every employee is responsible for
– Incongruence theory: product quality
– *Shewhart Cycle: Plan, Do,
mature workers desire Study Act
independence
• Multiple Causation:
• Drucker: MBO – accidents occur when causes and
sub-causes combine
 HEINRICH

• Father of modern • 88 (unsafe acts)/10 (unsafe

safety conditions) /2 % (Acts of
• 1st textbook on safety God)
• Domino Theory of • 4 steps of accident
Accident Causation(5 prevention
events): social, fault, • 4:1 ($ spent indirect vs direct)
unsafe act, accident, injury
• 3 “E’s” of safety: • Pyramid [NM (300), Minor
Engineering, Education, Event (29), Major Events (1)]
Enforcement
MJE
MNE
Near Miss
 DEMMING’S 14 STEPS
• Drive out fear • Adopt a new philosophy
• Eliminate quotas and w/ new age
numerical goals
• Base long term
• Breakdown barriers b/w
relationship on loyalty –
departments
single suppliers
• Eliminate inspection. Build
right the first time • Continual improvement
• Institute a vigorous program • Put everybody to work to
education and self- accomplish transformation
improvement • Institute job training
• Institute Leadership: help
• Create constancy of
people do a better job
purpose toward
• Eliminate slogans and product
improvement
targets
 Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs

• Pyramid w/ SA at top

Self Actualization
Self - Esteem
Belonging-Love
Safety
Physiological
 Blake Mouton Grid

• Conceptualized management styles by

number sequence
9 *BEST
Country Club Team Leader

People Imporverished Authoritarian

1 9
Task
 BEHAVIOR BASED SAFETY

• Geller:
– “The ABCs of Behavior”
• Antecedent
• Behavior
• Consequence
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT
THEORY
• Most current thinking • Key to effectiveness is
• Management ultimately defining management
responsible for safety accountability
• Unsafe behaviors, • Safe design is key to
conditions and accidents preventing root cause of
symptomatic of
management failure
many accidents
• Circumstances can be • Function of safety is to
predicted to produce injuries locate and define
• Safety should be managed operation errors that
like any other business contribute to accidents
function
MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

• Peter Principle:
– people promoted to level of incompetence
• Parkinson’s Principle:
– work expands to fill allotted time
• Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution:
– “80/20” Rule
• 20% of employees responsible for 80% of work
 TYPES OF COMMANDS
• Unity of Command: • Vertically Integrated:
– each employee report – company owns all
to only one individual aspects of the production
• Span of Control: process (eg/ Ford)
– number of employees • Horizontally Integrated:
reporting to one – company owns little to
individual none of production
process (eg/ Dell)
 ORGANIZATIONAL
SYSTEMS
M A T R IX
(e g / S p e c ia l P r o je c ts )

P r o je c t M a n a g e r

E le c t r ic a l P r o p u ls io n W eapons L if e S u p p o rt
 ORGANIZATIONAL
SYSTEMS

F U N C T IO N A L

P R E S ID E N T

F in a n c e ENGR HRD P r o d u c t io n
ORGANIZATIONAL
SYSTEMS

D IV IS IO N A L
( e g s e p a r a t e o p e a t in g s y s t e m s ,
c o m p a n ie s a n d p r o c e d u r e s )

P R E S ID E N T

T ra c to r G ra d e r D o ze M ow er
 ORGANIZATIONAL
SYSTEMS

G E O G R A P H IC

G EN M ANAG ER

N o r th S o u th E a st W e st
 ORGANIZATIONAL
SYSTEMS

C U STO M ER
( e g / C u s t o m e r d r iv e n ,
n o t p r o d u c t io n d r iv e n )

S A LES M A N A G ER

G o v tT E D U C IN D U S T R Y C o n su m er
 ESH PROGRAM

• Line management is • Cost of preventing accidents

must show a return on profit
actually responsible line or avoid expenses
• ESH should be a staff – Annual cost of accidents is $100
billion
function which advises – Cost of Loss:
• Where PM is profit margin
management
• Safety culture involves
COL = (PM)($volume of business)
behavioral, For recovery
environmental and COL = (PM)(#unit sold)(unit price)
personal factors
 ACCIDENT CAUSES

• BASIC: • DIRECT:
– Poor management – Unplanned release of
practices energy resulting in
fatality, injury, or
property damage
• INDIRECT:
– Unsafe acts or unsafe
conditions
– Can lead to direct
causes
 Safety Analysis Techniques - 1

• Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) • Zonal

• Failure Mode & Effect • JHA/JSA
Analysis (FMEA) • HAZOP
• Functional Hazard • Critical Incident
Analysis (FHA) Technique (CIT)
• MORT • Systems Hazard
• Technique for Human Analysis (SHA)
Error Rate Prediction • Event Tree Analysis
(THERP) (ETA)
 Safety Analysis Techniques - 2
• Fault Tree Analysis (FTA): • JHA/JSA:
– undesired event – Analysis by task
– deductive (backward) analysis or
Top down logic • HAZOP:
– and/or logic gates (‘and’ multiply, – study, table/logic diagram
‘or’ add) – PSM/PHA; failure modes
– graphical depiction
– Initial effort to identify
– Uses Boolean postulates, looking potentially hazardous
for “minimal cut sets”
components w/I a system
• Failure Mode & Effect Analysis during design phase
(FMEA):
– manner in which failure occurs and • Functional Hazard
their effect on the system Analysis (FHA):
– good for reliability studies* – deductive
– Inductive or “Bottom Up” logic – “Top down”
– Criticality rankings; individually
 Safety Analysis Techniques - 3
• Technique for human Error • Systems Hazard Analysis
Rate Prediction (THERP) (SHA):
– Calculates probability of human – Identifies physical and functional
errors incompatibilities b/w adjacent,
interconnected and interacting
• Management Oversight and elements
Risk Tree (MORT): • Critical Incident Techniques
– A logic tree to identify total risk (CIT):
inherent in the system and – Individuals are interviewed about
arising from accidents, near misses and hazardous
operational/management conditions
inadequacies
• Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
– Similar to FTA starts w/
– Forward analysis beginning with
undesirable event
initiating event to find consequences
• Zonal: – Evaluates success or failure of a
– Geographical; inspection of system
hardware
 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
U n d e s ir e d E v e n t
F IR E

A N D
"m u ltip ly "

I n t e r m e d ia te E v e n t I n t e r m e d ia te E v e n t I n t e r m e d ia te E v e n t
O X Y G E N H E A T F U E L

O R
"a d d "

B a s ic E v e n ts B a s ic E v e n ts
O P E N F L A M E S T A T IC S P A R K
 Cause & Effect Diagram
(Fishbone )

People
Procedures

EFFECT

ENV EQUIP
 SYSTEM SAFETY
• CLASSIFYING FAILURE • SYSTEM SAFETY:
IMPACTS: – Fail Safe Passive:
• 0 energy state
– Catastrophic • equipment stops
– Critical operating
• eg/ circuit breakers and
– Marginal fuses
– Negligible – Fail Safe Active:
• eg/ emergency lights
– Fail Safe Operational:
• safest for people
• eg/ feed water valve
 REDUNDANT SYSTEMS
A
• Single Parallel: FX
B
– Multiply failures
A
• Double Parallel:
B FX

C
• Standby:
– sensor FX
B Sensor
• Series:
– Multiply successes A B C FX
– eg/ CGM: sample O2, Flam and Toxics
– Pf = 1 – (Ps)x
 RELIABILITY
• Basic Equation:
1 - # of failures / total # of items exposed

• Reliability in Series:
R1 x R2 x R3

• Reliability in Parallel:
1 - (1 - Ra)(1-Rb)(1-Rc) . . .
 DEFECTS & PROBABILITIES

• Basic Equation:

Pf + P s = 1

• Redundant Series:
– Pf = 1 – (Ps)x
• Redundant Parallel:
– Ps = 1 – (Pf)x
 Probability of Defect
• Machine A produces 25% of parts, B produces 35% and C
produces 40%. Their rate of defects are .05, .04 and .02,
respectively. What is probability that machine A will produce a
defect?
• 1. Construct probability table:
A B C
25 35 40
.05 .04 .02
25*.05 35*.04 40*.02
1.25 1.4 0.8

• 2. Add up defects
– 1.25 + 1.4 + 0.8 = 3.45
• 3. Divide Machine A over total defect rate
– 1.25/3.45 = 0.36
 Probability of Success
• Question: An airplane has two engines, each
with a probability of success of 0.90. What is the
probability that the airplane will arrive safely if
one or both engines working will ensure a safe
arrival?

– Both engines working means “and” therefore multiply

• Pf = 1- Ps = 1- 0.9 = 0.1 Ps + Pf = 1
• Ps = 1- [(0.1)(0.1)] = 0.99
 Probability of Failure
• Question: a component has six parts connected
in series, each with a probability of failure of
0.05. Determine probability of component
failure.

– Pf = 0.05 therefore Ps = .95

– There are six parts therefore:
– Pf = 1- (.95)6 = .26
 Probability of Success
• Question: A widget is made of three components called
wiglets. Wiglet “A” has a Ps of .30, wiglet “B” has a
Ps of .45 and wiglet “C” has Ps of .60. Calculate Ps if
wiglets B and C are functionally parallel and wiglet
“A” is in series.
.45

– Calculate Ps of (B+C) B
.30
• Ps(B+C) = 1 – Pf
• Ps(B+C) = 1- [(.55)(.40)] = .78 A
– Calculate Ps of A(B+C)
• Ps = (.30)(.78) = .23
C
.60
 POISSON DISTRIBUTION
• Question: A group of 20 chips are in a piece of
equipment. What is the probability of two and
only two chips failing if the chips are known to
be 0.03 defective.
P(r) = (λt)r e- λt/r!
•Where P is probability
• P2 = (0.03)(20)2 e-(.03)(20)/2!
•λ = average or rate
– P2 = (.6)2 ln(-.6) / 2! •t = time
– P2 = (.36)(.55) / 2 •r = number of occurrences
•e = natural log base (ln)
– P2 = .099 or 1.0
•! = factorial (r!)
 Probability Calculation
•Question: What is the probability that 2 men and 2 women will be
selected out of a group of 10 with 6 men and 4 women?

Solution:
– 1.) Set up diagram 1. [6/2]*[4/2]**/[10/4]
– 2.) Get individual Rates
2a. 6 nCR 2 = 15
a. Combo of 2 men
b. Combo of 2 women 2b. 4 nCR 2 = 6
c. Combo of 2 men and 2 2c. 10 nCR 4 = 210
women
– 3.) Calculate probability 3. [15][6]/[210] = 0.43
*Female, **Male
 Statistical Sampling Techniques
• Random
– each item from a popn has equal probability of being selected

• Cluster
– items from popn are grouped by similar characterisitics and the sample
group is selected randomly

• Stratified
– items popn grouped by similar characterisitcs and sample taken from
random selection in groups
– age groups such as: > 60, 20-60, <60

• Systematic
– items from popn are selected based upon factors such as time or
location/position (eg/ every 5th one)
– good for QC
 STATISTICS - 1

• Coefficient of Correlation (r):

– relationship b/w two variables to determine “strength
and direction”
– +/- 0.9-1.0 hi COC; +/- .4-.9 Lo COC; <.4 no COC
• Coefficient of Determination (cd):
– Explained variation divided by total variation
– Or COC (r) is the square root of (cd)
• Coefficient of Variation (cv):
– Compares % variations of two or more groups by
measures of central tendency
– eg/ salaries of managers to workers
 STATISTICS - 2

• Z score (Z):
– Determines the location of a single score in the normal distribution
– % area under the curve
– Eg/ your score compared to rest and % widgets that will fail
• T-test (t):
– compare population mean to sample mean
– data sets < 30
– eg/ compares two groups

• Chi Square (X2):

– “goodness of fit” b/w observed and expected
– usually a frequency table
Coefficient of Correlation Calculations

• High COC: +/- 0.9 - 1.0

• Low COC: =/- 0.4-0.9
• No COC: < =/- 0.4
 STATISTICS
(Coefficient of Variation)
• Question: Calculate manager and employee
variation given the following:
– Managers paid $4800/mos
– Employees paid $780/mos CV = SD/X
Where SD is std deviation
– SDmanager = $820 and X is the mean

– SDemployee = $64
• SDm = 820/4800 = .171 or 17%
• SDe = 64/780 = .08 or 8%
– Conclusion: more variation in managers salary
 Bell Curve
• 1 SD: +/- 68%
X = 120
• 2 SD: +/- 95% SD = 15
• 3 SD: +/- 99.7%

34% 34% 13.5%

13.5%
2.5% 2.5%

-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
75 90 105 120 135 150 165
 Z score Calculation
(from previous curve)
• Question: Your score on the exam was 126. What %
of those taking exam did better than you?

– 1.) Calculate Z-score

• Z = X-μ/σ 126-120/15 = 0.40
• where z = # SD, x = data point, μ = popn and σ = popn SD

– 2.) Consult table p.2 of HO

• Z-score of 0.4 = .1554

– 3.) 0.5 - .1554 = .3446 or 34%

 Z score Calculation
(# of SDs from average χ)
• Question: Your facility made 1,000 widgets w/ an avg
life expectancy of 500 hrs and a SD of 100 hrs. What %
will fail in first 225 hrs?

Z = x-μ/σ

– Need area under curve therefore Z:

• Z = x-μ/σ = 225-500/100 = -2.75 SDs from χ
– Refer to table p2:
• 2.75 z-value yields .4970 or 49.7%
– Calculate %:
• 50% - 49.7% = 0.3%
 T-Test
(Compares μ (popn) to χ (sample) w/ data sets < 30)

• Question: The BCSP just released latest exam results. The

average score was 125 and the SD 15. A group of 21 people
took the ASP prep workshop prior to above exam. Their score
was 133 and the SD was 11. Are the scores of the workshop
participants significantly better the the average score at the
p= .05 level?
t = χ – μ/s(N-1)
• Calculate t: t = 133-125/11(21-1) = 3.25
• Use table p.3 to line p-value and df (N-1= 20) for value of 1.725
• Conclusion: Yes, reject null when t-test value is  table value – 3.25 
1.725
 CHI Square - 1
(determines difference b/w observed and Expected frequencies)
• Question: As Safety Director, you are concerned about the
number of first aid and recordable cases involving new
employees vs number of cases involving more experienced
employees. A survey of employee incident/accident data is
revealed below. Can you be 99% sure that any differences
observed in above data are not due to chance?
  NEW OLD EEs TOTAL
EEs

FIRST AID 100 15 115

RECORDABLE 60 25 85

TOTAL 160 40 200

 CHI Square - 2
• Basic Equation: X2 = Σ(oj – ej)2/ej
– Where oj = observed frequency
– ej = expected frequency
– df = (rows-1)(columns-1)
– Oj equals:
• 100, 60, 15 and 25
– ej equals:
• (160)(115)/200 = 92
• (160)(85)/200 = 68
 
• (115)(40)/200 = 23
• (85)(40)/200 = 17
• Set-up Matrix Solution Table
 CHI Square - 3

• Set-up Solutions Matrix:

Oj Ej Oj-Ej (oj-ej)2/ej

100 92 8 .69

60 68 -8 .94

15 23 -8 2.78

25 17 8 3.76

    Total (Σ) 8.18

 CHI Square - 4

• Refer to X2 table on BCSP handout

– df = 1,
– p = 0.01 (100 - .99 = .01)
– Table value is 6.635
• Conclusion:
– Reject null H0 b/c X2 > table or 8.18 > 6.635
 Present Value of Money

• One trip to the bank: P = F(1 + i)-n

where F is future value

• Many payments/trips to the bank:

P = A [(1+i)-n/i(1+i)n]
where A is amount of monthly payment
and n is # of time periods
 Present Value of Money
• Question:
– What is better deal, 1M over term or $3K
monthly?
• Answer:
– for 1M investment up front:
P = F(1+i)-n
Where F = 1M, i = interest rate and n= periods (eg/25)

– for $3K monthly:

P = A[(1+i)n - 1/i(1+i)n]
where A = periodic payments (eg/ $3K) and i = monthly interest (/12)
Future Value of $ from Present Value

• Question: $10K returns $5K over 5 years,

what is APR? F = P(1 + i)n
• Answer:
– 15K = 10K(1+i)5
– 15K = 10K(x)5 x=1+i
1.08 = 1 + i
– 1.5k = x5 .0845 = i
– 1.5 = x or 8.45%
– x = 1.08
 PRESENT/FUTURE VALUE OF $
• Question: You need to purchase a new machine. Two options: (1) lease a
machine for 10 years @ $2K/yr; or, (2) purchase the machine for $10K with a
maintenance agreement of $500/yr. After 10 yrs you can sell the machine for a
salvage value of $5K. Interest will be 15% for 10 yrs. Which option is best?
P = A[(1+i)n-1/i(1+i)n]
– Option 1 - Lease (PV regular payments):
• P = (2K)[(1+.15)10-1/(1.5)(1+.15)10] = 3.05/.607 (2K) = $10,038

P = F(1+i)-n
– Option 2 - Buy (PV lump sum):
• (a) Calculate Maintenance Costs = $10,038 x (500/2000)* = 2509
• (b) Initial cost plus maintenance = 10K + 2509 = $12,509
• © calculate salvage: P = F(1+i)-n = (5K)(1.15)-10 = $1236
• © Cost minus salvage = 12509 - 1236 = $11,273
• *maintenance agreement is 1/4 of original monthly lease amount

– Option 1 is better as $10,038 < $11,273

PRESENT/FUTURE VALUE OF $

• Question: The initial cost of a safety project will be $15K.

The project will cost $2K/yr to maintain, but will save
$4K/yr over 6 yrs @ 7%. Should the company invest in
the startup?
P = A[(1+i)n-1/i(1+i)n]

– (a) Calculate PV of maintenance cost: $9533

– (b) Add maintenance cost to project cost: 15K + 9533 = $24,533
– © Calculate PV of savings: use eqn (a) substituting 4K = $19,066
– © Cost is > than Savings
 PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING
• Conductive Loss:
– interfere w/ transmission involving outer and middle ear
– mechanical
• Sensorineural Loss:
– damage to “organ of corti” (inner ear)
– degeneration of neural elements of auditory nerve
– irreversible
• Mixed:
– combination of above
• Central (CNS) Impairment:
– lack of ability to interpret what is heard
 LIFTING EQUATION
• Basic Equations:
RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM

– where RWL is recommended weight limit

– LC is load constant
– HM is horizontal multiplier
– VM is vertical multiplier
– DM is distance multiplier
– AM is angular multiplier/displacement (twist)
– FM is frequency multiplier
– CM is coupling multiplier
 LIFTING INDEX
• Basic Equation: • Static Loads may
– where LI is index aggravate disorders
– and L is load such as:
– and RWL is – Tendonitis
recommended weight – Bursitis
limit – CTS
– Most lifted is either 51
lbs or 23 kg
LI = L/RWL
 Safety Factor Calculations
• Basic Equation: SF = allowable/actual
 Chemistry Terms

• Molarity:
– moles of solute dissolved in 1L of solution
• Molality:
– moles of solute/kg of solvent
• Equivalent:
– qty of acid/base that yields 1 mole H+
• Normality:
– # of equivalents dissolved in a liter
 BENZENE

• Sampling Media - charcoal tube

• Bioanalysis - urine test after work shift to
detect presence of phenols
 TOXICOLOGY - 1
• Bysinossis: cotton dust • Pnuemoconiosis:
• Leptospirosis: bacteria hardening, scarring and
in animals inability to transfer
• Erysipeloid: fish oxygen form tissues to
processing blood in lung
• Trichinosis: pork • Emphysemsa: smoking
processing
• Tetanus: bacillus
• Pulmonary Edema:
bacteria
acid/gas exposure
 TOXICOLOGY - 2
• Hantavirus: rat • Tularemia: carried by
droppings rats; Rabbit fever
• Anthrax: bacterial • Raynaud’s Disease:
infection vibration-induced;
• Histoplasmosis: “white fingers”
pigeon/bird droppings
• Newcastle Disease:
• Brucellosis: bacterial
infection in farmers, viral infection in birds
vets and lab workers
 MISC. Industrial Hygiene
• Absorption: capture of a • Hpergolic: violent rxn which
gas or vapor by passing an occurs when two materials
airstream containing gas or come in contact with each
vapor through a liquids other
• Adsorption (adheres): • Pyrrolysis: process where
retention of gaseous materials decompose in
substance chemically presence of heat
unchanged on surface of • Deflagration: rapid burning
sorbent such as activated fire which produces flames
charcoal retaining organic that travel slower than speed
vapors (eg/ APR) of sound
• Pyrophoric: materials that • Detonation:rapid burning fire
ignite spontaneously when which produces flames that
exposed to air (eg/ fireworks) travel faster than speed of
sound
 GRAM-MOLES
• Question: What is the • Question: How many
volume of 100 grams of molecules are present in
N2 at 25°C and one ATM? 100 grams of N2 at 25°C
Element G/mole
Hydrogen 2 and one ATM?
Carbon 12
Nitrogen 28
Oxygen 32
– Molecules relate to
– NTP conditions Avogadro’s number,
– Convert from grams to therefore:
liters for calculation • 100 g x 1 mole/28g x
• 100 g x 1 mole/gram x 6.02 x 1023 molecules/1
24.42 L/moles = 87.32 L
mole = 2.15 x 1024
 DILUTION VENTILATION
• Question: MIBK solvent based paint is used in a spray booth at steady
evaporation rate of 1 qt/hr. How many CFM of dilution ventilation is required
to maintain a concentration at or below the TLV? (TLV = 50 ppm; s.g. = .7;
MW = 100 and assume K = 6)

– Basic Equation: Q = 403 x 106 x SG x ER x K / MW x C

• where Q is flow
• SG is speicific gravity
• ER is evaporation rate in pts/min
• K is safety factor
• MW = molecular weight
• C = TLV concentration
– Convert qt/hr to pts/min for ER:
• 1 qt/hr x 2 pts/qt x 1 hr/60 min = .03 pts/min

– Dilution calulcation:
• Q = 403 x 106 x .7 x .03 pts/min x 6 / (100)(50 ppm) = 11,300 CFM
 TWA - Chemical Exposure

• Question: What is the TWA of the following exposure: 2 hrs @

5 ppm, 1 hr @ 2.0 ppm, 3 hrs @ 1 ppm and 2 hrs @ 1.5 ppm?

TWA = C1T1 + C2T2 + CnTn / ΣT

– Basic Equation:
• where C = concentration
• T = time

– TWA = (2)(5) + (1)(2) + (3)(1) + (2)(1.5) / 480

minutes = 1.1 ppm
 MIXTURES -
Exceeding the TLV
• Question: Given the following exposure: Toluene 5.5 hrs @
50 ppm (TLV 50 ppm), MC 1.9 hrs @ 75 ppm (TLV 50 ppm)
and Xylene .3 hrs @ 250 ppm (TLV 100 ppm). Has the TLV of
the mixture been exceeded?
– Set up ratio: Actual/Allowed
– Can add because all FX same target organ

TLV = C1T1/TLV1(8hrs) + C2T2/TLV2(8hrs)

– TLV = (5.5)(50) + (1.9)(75) + (.3)(250) /(8)(50) +

(50)(8) + (100)(8) = 1.175
– 1.175 is > than 1 therefore overexposed
 CALCULATING [UNK]

• Question: 1-L of benzene breaks and evaporates in a

20x20x10m closed room at NTP. If the MW is 78 and the sg
is .6, what is the concentration?

ppm = mg/m3 x 24.45/ MW

• Calculate mg:
– 1L of benzene = 600 g (60% of L of H20 is 1)
– 600g x 1000mg/g = 600K mg
• Calculate area: 4000 m3
• Calculate ppm: (600Kmg/4000m3)(24.45)/78 = 47 ppm
REDUCING CONCENTRATIONS
• Question: A furniture drying area contains 100 ppm of a
solvent. If the volume of the room is 100Kft3, the ventilation
rate 2,000 cfm, how long to reduce the [solvent] to 25 ppm?
– Where C1 is initial [ ]
– C2 is final [ ] ln(C2/C1) = -Q’/V(t2-t1)
– Q’ is ventilation rate in cfm
– V is volume of room in ft3
– t1 is start time
– t2 is end time
• Looking for t2:
• t2 = ln(C2/C1)(V/Q’)
• t2= ln (.25)(100Kft3)/(-2000ft3/min) = 69.31 min
 SAMPLING SAEs
• Question: A sample reveals xylene exposure for an 8-hr
period was 105 ppm. The PEL for xylene is 100 ppm. The
SAE is 0.10. What can you conclude from these results?

– Where Y = standardized [ ]
Y = X/PEL
– X = given concentration
UCL = Y + SAE
– CL = confidence limits
LCL = Y - SAE

• Y = X/PEL = 105/100 = 1.05

• UCL = Y + SAE = 1.05 + 0.1 = 1.15
• LCL = Y - SAE = 1.05 - 0.1 = .95
• Therefore a possible overexposure exists because UCL> 1 and
LCL < 1.
 TLV of MIXTURES
• Question: What is the TLV of the following mixture? 50% heptane (TLV 400
ppm or 1640 mg/m3), 30% methyl chloroform (TLV 350 ppm or 1,910 mg/m 3)
and 20% perchloroethylene (TLV 25 ppm or 170 mg/m3).

TLVm = 1/(f1/TLV1) + (f2/TLV2) + (fn/TLVn)

– Calculate mg:
• TLV = 1/(.5/1640) + (.3/1910) + 9.2/170) = 1/34 = 610 mg/m 3
– Calculate MW:
• (610)((.5) = 305 mg/m3
• (610)(.3) = 183 mg/m3
• (610)(.2) = 122 mg/m3
– Calculate ppm:
• 305 mg/m3 x 400 ppm/1640 mg/m3 = 74.39 ppm
• 183 x 350/1910 = 33 ppm
• 122x 24/170 = 18 ppm
– Calculate total PPM:
• 74 + 33 + 18 = 125 ppm
4 Elements of Risk Management

• Insurance Risk Management

• ESH AVOIDANCE

• Contracts INS
CONTRACTS
• Avoidance
ESH
 RISK MANAGEMENT
• Pure Risk: • Types of Companies
– expectation of an event that
will only produce loss should it – Captive:
occur (eg/ FIRE) • self-insured; pools, can’t
• Speculative Risk: get public insurance
– result of an event which will – Stock:
produce a gain or loss should it • for profit
occur (eg/ business venture)
– Mutual Company:
• Societal Risk:
– # of incidences/consequences • Company owned by policy
that occur per year holders
• Individual Risk: • eg/ State Farm, USAA
– Probability of a single – Lloyds of London:
consequence occurring to an • syndicate (not insurance
individual in a given year company)
 INSURANCE
• Items covered under basic • WC organization’s pay
policy: “insured cost” of accidents
only
– “WHARVES”
• An accident resulting in
• Wind hospital TX is “insured”
• Hail cost of accident
• Aircraft
• Riot
• Uninsured costs are
• Vandalism “deductible” part of policy
• Explosion
• Smoke
CALCULATING PREMIUMS

– Basic Equation:

Gross Premium = Pure Premium / 1-Load Percent

Worker Compensation Definitions

• Premiums:
PR = (manual rating)(EMR)(earnings/100)

• Retrospective:
– immediate past year’s loss experience
• EMR: EMR = actual expenses/expected expenses
• WC Loss Ratio:
– ratio of 0.6-0.7 is reasonable
LR = losses (or benefits paid)/premium received
 WC Miscellaneous
• Schedule Rating: • Retrospective rating based
– Assigning companies credits upon immediate past year’s
and debits based upon safety loss experience
performance compared to a
baseline • Manual rate based upon
• Manual Rating: avg rate per $100 of payroll
– Rate based upon hazard • EMR based upon loss
associated with occupation experience over 3 yrs
• Premium Discounting: – adjust company’s premium
– Large employers receive based upon losses compared
discounts based upon their to like industry
size – Uses an average of 1 for
industry (eg/ >1 worse than
• No fault system provides industry std and <1 better)
“exclusive remedy”
 WC Calculation

• Questions:
– Employee earns $1000, manual rating of 3.50
and EMR of 1.5. What is WC premium?

• Answer:
– $3.50 (rate per $100 of payroll) x 10 ($1000/100) x 1.5 (b/c
above avgEMR of 1.0) = $40.25
 OSHA Incident Rate Calculations
• Basic Equations:
– Incident Rate (IR)

IR = # cases x 200,000/exposure hours

– Days Away, Restricted, Transfer (DART)
• *exposure hours is the # of ee’s x 2000 hrs/yr

DART = #cases x 200,000/exposure hours*

• Record Maintenance:
– I&I Logs must be maintained for 3 years
– Medical records must be maintained for 30 yrs past date
of employment
 CONSUMER PRODUCTS SAFETY
COMMISSION (CPSC)
• Established as a result of • MFRs, Distributors and
the CPS Act of 1972 Retailers must report to
• Operates a national info CPSC when product:
network called the NEISS – Fails to comply with
• Products regulated: standards
– Apparel and non-apparel – Contains a defect which
fabrics
creates hazards
– Hazardous substances
– Poses unreasonable risk of
– Materials required child-
resistant packaging (eg/ food, serious injury or death
drugs, cosmetics and fuels) – Subject to 3 or more civil
– Household/educational / actions in one year
recreational products
 HYDROSTATICS
• Basic Equation: Pv = Q2/891d4
– where Q is volume in gpm
– where d is distance in inches

• Question: The VP in a 2” pipe w/ 1000

gpm flowing is?
– Answer:
• Pv = (1000)2/(891)(2)4 or 70.14 psi
 HYDROSTATICS
• Question: A 4’x 6’ container is 10’ deep and
contains 50% water and 50% oil with a sg of 0.8.
What is P ½ distance from surface if oil and water
remain separated?

P = .433 psi/f (h)(sg)

– Where P is pressure
– H is height
5 ft
– Sg is specific gravity Oil

• Ph20 = (.433psi/f)(5ft)(.8) = 1.732 psi Water

10 ft
 ELECTRICITY
Ohms Law
• Basic Equations:
– where P is power P = VI

– V is volts
– I is current V = IR

– R is resistance
 ELECTRICITY
(Resistance - 1)

• Question: Given the below diagram, what is the

total Resistance R? 5Ω 5Ω
110V 50Ω
5Ω 5Ω
– Rules of Thumb: R
• w/ parallel R, total R must be < the smallest R
• w/ combination series and parallel, do series first than parallel

Rseries = R1 + R2 + Rn
– 1/Rp = 1/50 + 1/10 + 1/10 = 1/.22
– 2.) Invert: 1/.22 = 4.54 ohms 1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/Rn
Note: always invert final answer
 ELECTRICITY
(Resistance - 2)

• Question: What is the current in B (on previous

page)?

– Where V is voltage V = IR
– I is amps
– R is resistance in ohms
– V= IR I = V/R = 110V/10ohms = 11 amps
• Rule of thumb:
• Voltage doesn’t change thru system in parallel/series
 Bonding and Grounding
• Bonding: • Grounding:
– connecting two – provides a conducting
conducting bodies by path b/w charged
means of a conductor objects and the earth
– flam liquids build up
electrostatic charge
when agitated or
during transfer
 ELECTRICITY MISC
• Interlocks used in electrical • Electrical bonding eliminates
equipment must meet “fail- the potential difference b/w
safe” criteria two conductors
• An electrical “open knife” • Electrolytic fluid in in lead-
switch cannot be used in
hazardous locations because: acid batteries during
– Live parts are exposed changing can produce
– It has sharp edges hydrogen gas
• “Snap switches” enclose live • An electrical system is “de-
parts and are safer than open energized” only after it has
knife switches been shut off and tested
• Electrical circuit protective • Conductive (protective)
devices (eg/ fuse or circuit clothing is used for
breaker) open the circuit electrostatic hazards
Flammable/Combustible Liquids
• Flammable Liquids • Combustible Liquids
– Class IA: – Class II:
• FP < 73F and BP < • FP> 100F and < 140F
100F – Class IIIA:
– Class IB: • FP > 140F and < 200F
• FP < 73F and BP > – Class IIIB:
100F
• FP > 200F
– Class IC:
• FP > 73F and < 100F
Electrical Classifications (NEC 500)
• Class I:
– Div. 1:ignitable [flam. Gases and vapors] normally exist,
(eg/open systems)
– Div. 2: volatile liquids or gases confined

• Class II:
– Div. 1: comb. dust under normal conditions
– Div. 2: sufficient qty of dust not normally present

• Class III:
– Div. 1: ignitable fibers are handled and/or processed
– Div. 2: ignitable fibers are handled only
 FIRE MISCELLANEOUS - 1
• Extinguisher Requirements • 2 TYPES OF SMOKE
– Visual inspection monthly DETECTORS:
– Maintenance checks annually – Ionizing
– Hydrostatic testing every 5 and • smaller smoke particles
12 years • incipient stage of fire
– Travel distance to Class A is
75 feet
– Photoelectric
– Travel distance to Class B &C • larger particles
is 50 ft • smoldering fires
 FIRE MISCELLANEOUS - 2

• TETRAHYDRAN OF COMBUSTION:
– Requires the following 4 elements:
• Fuel
• Oxygen
• Ignition
• Chain Reaction
 Fire Prevention
(Basic Principles)
• Combustion • Conduction
– rapid chemical rxn of 02 w/
a fuel
– mechanism of thermal
– produces CO and CO2 plus E transfer b/w
heat materials
– elements include 02, heat, – materials have high
ignition conduction (metals) or
• Convection low (plastics)
– a result of movement of air
and combustion products
– determines direction which
a fire will spread
 Fire Prevention
Properties of Flam and Comb Liquids - 2
• Flash Point • Fire Point
– lowest temp at which a liquid can – lowest temp at which a flam
generate enough vapor above its liquid in an open container
surface to support combustion in gives off enough vapors to
presence of ignition source continue to burn once ignited.
• Vapor Pressure • Explosive/flammable Range
– Pressure exerted by a vapor on its – Concentration of flam vapor or
liquid at equilibrium gas in air that can ignite in
presence of ignition source
– strongly affected by Temperature
– LFL: min conc of vapor in air
• Equilibrium below which flame will not
– Vaporization and condensation of propagate (eg/ 1.4 for gas)
molecules until the rates of the – UFL: max conc of vapor in air
two become equal below which flame will not
– strongly affected by Temperature propagate (eg/ 7.6 for gas)
 Fire Prevention
Properties of Flam and Comb Liquids - 2
• Autoignition Temp • Evaporation Rate
– lowest temp that will produce – rate at which liquid is converted to
combustion w/o an ignition vapor at given T and P
source – ER reported in relation to butylacetate
• Specific Gravity • Water Solubility
– density of liquid relative to – many flam liquids (ROHs, ethers,
ketones) completely soluble in water
density of water
– mixture reduces flammability and
• Vapor Density static charge
– measure of relative densities of • Boiling Point (BP)
vapors and gases compared to air – temp at which the liquid transforms
– most flam liquids VP> air into vapor at given P
therefore ventilation needed at – a strong function of P and always
floor level decreases with a decrease in P
– most flam gases VP<1 therefore • Boiling Liquid-Expanding Vapor
ventilation needed above floor Explosion (BLEVE)
level – failure of a container at atm P holding
a liquid above it’s B
 FLAMMABLE GASES
• Definition: • Can be liquified by T
– Must satisfy either: and P
• a UFL of 13% or • Wider explosive range
less at ambient T than vapors
and P
• Usually lighter than
• Flammability range
wider than 12% at air
ambient T and P
 FIRE GASES
• CO • SO
– results from incomplete – from sulfur-containing materials;
combustion of C12-containing strong irritant
compounds • Ammonia
– large amounts produced in fires – generated from wool, silk, fertilizers,
– 210 times more reactive with explosives, nylon
blood than O2 • HCL
– Simple Asphyxiant – generated by PVC, dyes, perfumes,
• CO2 ag chems
– large amounts produced in fires • HS2
– not toxic gas but reduces – generated via incomplete
concentration of O2 combustion of sulfur-containing
compounds such as wool and rubber
• HCN
• NO2
– deadly, produced from wool,
silk, acrylonitrile, ag chems, – generated via N2-containing cmpds
rodenticides and polyurethane such as fabrics, cellulose, catalysts
and polymerase inhibitors
 FIRE EXTINGUISHER
AGENTS
• CO2 • Halogenated Agents
– flammable liquids, ordinary – HC with one or more atoms of H2
combustibles, electrical fires replaced with halogens
– forms barrier b/w O2 and flammable – replacement w/ halogen eliminated
vapors flammability characteristics and
• Dry Chemical imparts flame-retardant capability
– Regular/Ordinary Chems: for flam – known as Halons
liquid fires – Halons stop combustion rxns by
– Multipurpose Dry Chems: flam interfering w/ progress and
liquid fires and electrical fires development of combustion
– Use dilution, cooling, radiation, intermediate free radicals
shields and flame-retardant actions – Halon numbering system:
to extinguish • eg/1301 (1st place indicates
• Foam number of C atoms, 2nd is Fl,
– flam liquid fires 3rd is Cl, 4th is Br and 5th is I
– use mechanical or chemical means • Dry Powder
– forms cooling blanket that prevents – Used on combustible metals
transfer of flam vapors from surface
of liquid
 4 CLASSES OF FIRES AND
EXTINGUISHERS
• Class A • Numerical rating on
– ordinary combustible materials;
use water Class A and B:
– eg/ wood, cloth, paper, rubber and – the larger the #, the
plastics
more the capacity
• Class B
– flam or comb liquids, flam gases, • Should be visible from
greases
– can use water but recommend dry
3 feet away
chem and halon • OSHA required travel
• Class C
– energized electrical equipment
distances:
– use halons – Class A: 75 feet
• Class D – Class B: 50 feet
– comb metals (eg/ Mg, Ti, Zi, Na,
and K)
– Class D: 75 feet
 SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
• Regular Dry Pipe • Deluge
– sprinkler heads attached to
– sprinkler heads are open at
piping containing air or N2
all times
– sprinkler head opens due to heat
– air in piping
• Wet Pipe
– heads attached to piping
containing water under P at all • Combined Dry Pipe and Pre-
times action
– head opens due to heat
• Pre-Action Automatic • Special and Limited Water
– control fire when possibility of Supply
damage to piping or heads – special situations only
– water valve added to dry pipe
system
– operates like “wet system” w/o
water in piping at all times
 COLOR CODING FOR
SPRINKLER HEADS
• Max. Ceiling T (°F):
– 100 Uncolored
– 150 white
– 225 blue
– 300 red
– 375 green
– 425 orange
– 475 orange
 Sprinkler Calculations
• Question: what is the required pressure for a
fire protection sprinkler with a K value of 5.6,
protecting 120ft2 with a density of .22 gpm per
ft2?
• Q = (.22 gal/min/ft2)(120 ft2) = 26.4 gpm

Q = gpm/ft2 x ft2
where Q is flow

• P = (Q/K)2 = (26.4 gpm/5.6)2 = 22.2 psi

P = (Q/K)2
where P is pressure

and K is factor
 FIRE DETECTION
INSTRUMENTS
• Fixed T Thermal Detectors • Smoke Detectors
– bimetallic element with two metals – respond to products of combustion
having different coefficient of based upon less or more light
expansions reaching them
– *thermal lag • Flame Detectors
• Rate-Compensation – respond to either UV or IF portion
– respond to fixed pre-determined T of light generated by flame
in air • Combustible Gas Indicators
• Rate-of-Rise – resistance of heated element
– respond to pre-determined rate of increases w/ contact w/ gas
rise of T in air • Fire Alarms
• Pneumatic – Type A: operator receives alarm
– increase of air P inside bulb due to and transmits to FD
increase in T – Type B: alarm automatically
– completely mechanical and good transmitted to FD
for explosive environments
 BUILDING FIRE SAFETY

• Flame Spreading Rate • Fire Safe

– measure of burning – area designated such that fire
characteristics of a material will not spread to other areas

• Fire Loading • Fire doors

– classified by hourly rating
– max amount of heat
– Classes A, B, C, D, and E
generated in given area as
result of a fire • Hot Work Permits
• Fire Proofing – authorization to perform work
w/ equipment or devices
– insulating steel in structures capable of igniting
from heat generated during combustible materials
fire – Most important step is a
“policy statement”
HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL
(General Info) - 1
• Scaffolds should be designed • Hydrostatic P should not
to 4X anticipated load exceed 1.5X maximum
• Scaffolds > 20 ft require working P
safety belt and lifeline • Max value of a slope is
• Rope on scaffold must be at 15°; never exceed 20°
least 6X > than load • VP and T increase in closed
containers of volatile
• Ladders position at 4:1 ratio
liquids
• Cranes should be at least 30 • Fuel containers for LPG FL
feet apart trucks conform to
• 3” b/w cranes and overhead DOT/ASME
structures • FL Truck confirms to ANSI
HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL
(General Info) - 2
• Treating Cold Contact • System grounding
protects “system”
Burns: • Capacitors pose hazard
– water b/w 105° and “on” or “off”
115 F° • GFCI protects people and
equipment by opening an
electrical circuit & line
• Treating 3rd Degree to ground contact
Burns: • “Explosion-Proof”
– keep hands elevated electrical equipment
above heart withstands “internal”
explosion
HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL
(General Info) - 3
• 3 Types of Electrical • High T welding air
contaminant is Nox
Fuses:
• Cutting and welding
– link generates O3 and UV
– plug • Trench is a:
– cartridge – narrow excavation
– deeper than wide
• 2 Main Categories of
– never wider than 15 feet
Circuit Breakers: – Bracing ad shoring required
– magnetic at 5ft or > unless sloped to
angle of repose or stable
– thermal rock
 Block and Tackle Systems
(Mechanical Advantage or MA)
• 1 part system - 1 rope: 0 MA
• 2 part system - 2 ropes: 2:1 MA
• 3 part system - 3 ropes: 3:1 MA
• 4 part system - 4 ropes: 4:1 MA
• 5 part system - 5 ropes: 5:1 MA
• Question: Lifting 2500 lbs with 5 part rope system. How
many pounds of force are required for equilibrium lifting
conditin?
• Answer: 5 ropes are 1:5 ratio therefore 2500/5 = 500 lbs.
 Block and Tackle

• Question: A 5-part B&T is used to lift 500

lbs. If friction loss is %10 for each sheave,
what force is required?

F = P(1+i)n

– F = (100)(1.1)5 = 160 lbs.

 Compression
• Questions: What is the compression in
member BC?
– 980 lbs/1.5 ft = x/ 3 ft = 1960 lbs

1.5 ft

B C
3 ft
980 lbs
 COMPRESSION
(Rules for Trusses)
• Cats crawl across the roof • Inverted trusses act the
• Turtles crawl along the same
ground • Compression members
• C is compression and T is can be replaced by I/H-
tension beams, channel/angle iron
• If you cut at center and it or pipe/solid dowels
falls “inward” then
• Tension can be replaced
compression
by cables, chains, or
• If you cut at center and it
falls “outward” then turnbuckles (because
tension pulling action)
 COMPRESSION
(Rules for Trusses)

C Load C
B C C A D
E
C C C C
T T T T

A T
E T D B T C

Compression (c) Tension (T)

 Definitions - Material Properties
• Bending Moment • Dangerous Section
– tendency of loaded beam to
bend when acted upon by a – cross section of beam
force operating through a where bending moment
distance
is greatest
– tendency to rotate about a
point • Flexure Stress
– must be able to resist bending – indicates stress caused
or failure
• Section Modulus by bending
– measure of capacity of a
section to resist any bending
moment to which it is
subjected
 HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL

• Basic Equations: F = μN
– Friction Force
• where F = frictional force
• μ = coefficient of friction
• N = total weight

– Distance for Presence Sensing Device

• where D = distance
• V = velocity D=VxT
• T = time
 FRICTION
• Question: How much pressure is lost to friction
for 200 ft of 6-in steel pipe when providing a
flow rate of 1850 gpm. Assume a C factor of
100.
Pd = 4.52Q1.85/C1.85d4.87

• Pd = (4.52)(1850)1.85/(100)1.85(6.065)4.87 = 5005023/32537637 = .
1538
• Factor drop for 200 ft:
– (.1538)(200ft) = 30.1 psi
 THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION
(STICK/SLIDE - 1)
• Question: The coefficient of friction is .5 b/w the 100-lb box
and the upper ramp and .3 b/w the 40-lb box and the lower
portion of the ramp, and the pulley is frictionless. Will the
boxes remain on the ramp?
• Equation: 100
20°
40
Ff = μN 30°
where Ff = pushing/pulling force (parallel force)
μ = coefficient of static friction
N = normal force (perpendicular to surface)
40

30° N
30°
40

R
 THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION
(STICK/SLIDE - 2)
• Three parts of ramp question: (1) friction (stick), (2) non-friction
(slide) and (3) Fnet.
• 40-lb weight:
– Friction calculation (stick):
• F = μN = (.3)(N) and N = cah (from SOHCAHTOA) therefore: cos30
A/40 = 34.6 lbs.
• F = (.3)(34.6) = 10.38 lbs.
– Non-Friction calculation (slide):
• Solve for R where R = SOH or sin30° = O/H or R/H = 20 lbs.
– Calculate Fnet:
• 20lbs - 10.38lbs = 9.6 lbs
• More slide than stick
 THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION
(STICK/SLIDE - 3)
• 100 lb weight:
– Friction calculation (stick):
• Ff = μN = (.5)(N) = cah = cos20° N/100 = 93.96 lbs.
• Ff = (.5)(93.96 lbs) = 46.98 lbs. Stick

– Non-Friction calculation (slide):

• FR= SOH = sin 20° R/100 = 34.20 lbs.
– Calculate Fnet:
• 46.98 - 34.20 = 12.78 lbs
• More stick than slide
 THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION
(STICK/SLIDE - 4)

• Set up Solutions Table:

Solutions Table
N Ff =  N Ramp Result
40-lb box 34.6 10.38 20 lbs 9.6 lbs slide
100-lb box 93.96 46.98 34.20 12.78 lbs stick

• Solution:
– Will the boxes remain on the ramp?
– 9.6 lbs (slide) compared to 12.78 lbs (stick) = 12.78 - 9.6 = 3
– Yes, by 3 lbs.
HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL

• Breaking Strength:
– where B is rope breaking strength
– S = # of parts of sheaves in rope
– W = weight
– F = Safety Factor

B = [W + 0.1WS/S]F
 Calculating Dikes - 1
• Question:
– What is min. height dike required in a 50’x80’ area containing
3 tanks (one 100K gal w/ 35’ diameter and two 20K gal w/ 20’
diameters)?
• Answer:
– 1. ) Convert largest tank from gal to ft3
• 100Kgal x 1 ft3/7.48 gal = 13,369 ft3
– 2.) Calculate tank farm area
• A = hw = 50*80 = 4000 ft2
– 3.) Subtract out area for other tanks from #2
• 2(Π)(10ft2)= 628 ft2
• 4000 ft2 - 628 ft2 = 3372 ft2
– 4.) Solve for H (height) of dike
– V = ah or h = V/a = 13369/3372 ft2 = 3.96 or 4 ft
 Floor Loading and Tank Sizing
• Question: A 5000 lb capacity tank weighs 6500 lbs.
Floor loading is 200 PSF. How high can tank be?
• Answer:
– 1.) Convert tank size (in gal) to lbs. x sg
• eg/ 5000gal x 8.34 lb/gal x 0.8
– 2.) Add tank volume (in lbs) to tank weight
• eg/ 33.360 lbs + 6500lbs = 39860 lbs
– 3.) Convert lbs to ft2 for area eqtn a = Πr2
• 39860 x 1ft2/200 lb = 199 ft2
– 4.) Solve for radius: a = Πr2 so
– r2 = a/Π = 1.99/3.14 = r = 63 r = 7.9 of 8 ft
 PLANT LAYOUT
• Considerations during • “Flow” plant layout:
design and operations: – Advantages:
– Direction of wind
• Minimization of length
– # of employees to run plant
of transfer lines
– Cost of future revisions
• Minimization of energy
requirement for
• During design of transport of materials
“outdoor” plant layout, all – Disadvantages:
equipment containing • Requires more people
flammable materials
should be located on the • “Grouped” Plant Layout:
“downwind” side such that – All similar equipment
vapors do not re-entrain
is placed together
 Safety Facts
• 3 leading causes of • Code developed by ASME
UST releases are: requires pressure for
hydrostatic test at 150%
– Piping failure
MAWP
– Corrosion
• Per ANSI/ASME A17.2,
– Spilling/overflowing the recommended
frequency for inspections
for passenger elevators is
every 6 months
 PPE Consensus Standards
• ANSI Z87.1 –1989 • ANSI Z89.1-1986
– Eyes – Head
• ANSI Z41-1991: • ANSI Z53.1
– Shoes – Color coding for safety
 Classes of Hardhats

• Class A:
– falling objects, electricity and low voltage
conductors
• Class B:
– falling objects, electricity and high voltage
conductors
• Class C:
– falling objects
 49 CFR 172 - Labeling
Hazardous Materials
• RED • Flammables
• YELLOW • Oxidizers
• GREEN • NF gas
• BLACK & WHITE • Corrosive
• ORANGE • Explosive
• BLUE • Dangerous
Classifying Hazardous Materials
• F List: • P List:
– finishing compounds, – acutely toxic chemicals
solvents, TCDD, – “P” for potent
plating
• U List:
– “F for finishing”
– other toxic chemicals
• K List: -”U” for udder
– special industrial
processes
– “K for special K”
 Branches of the Government
E X E C U T IV E B R A N C H

E P A O S H R C
R e v ie w O S H c a s e s

N T S B C P S C

N R C

H H S T r a n s p o rt a t io n H o m e la n d S e c u r ity L a b o r

N IO S H C D C F A A T S A U S C G M S H A O S H A

F R A

F M C S A

R S P A
H a z M a t

N H T S A
C D L s
 Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration (FMCSA)
• Issue CDL
• Random alcohol testing 25%
• Controlled substance testing 50%
• Alcohol test required within 2 hrs of
accident
• Substance test required within 32 hrs of
accident
 PLAYGROUND SAFETY
• Recommended use zones • Recommended diameter
for playground equipment of rungs and other hand
should extend a minimum gripping components is
of 6ft in all directions 1.25.
from perimeter of – The younger the
equipment children the > the grip
• Minimum distance b/w size due to motor skills
structures w/ designated
play surfaces of 30” or >
is 9 ft
 Communication

• 4 Elements of Effective • Berlo 7 steps:

Communication: – Communication
– Sender Source
– Message – Encoding
– Receiver – Message
– Feedback – Channel
– Decoding
– Receiver
– Feedback
 4 ELEMENTS OF BHR-BASED
LEARNING/TRAINING OBJECTIVES

• A, B and C’s of • Learning Theories:

Learning/Training – Expectancy (eg/ value)
Objectives: – Needs
– A for Audience – Adult learning
– B for Behavior – Info processing
– C for Conditions – Reinforcement
– D for Degree – Social learning
– Goal setting
 Rules of Training

• People generally remember:

– 10% of what they read
– 20% of what they hear
– 30% of what they see
– 50% of what they see and hear
– 70% of what they say
– 90% of what they say and do
 TRAINING CONCEPTS

• Reliability: • Norm-referenced:
– consistency in measuring – Grading system where
employee’s knowledge and
abilities student’s performance is
compared to that of others
– eg/ returns same basic
results time and again • Criterion-referenced:
• Validity: – Performance is dependent
– Effectiveness upon predetermined
– Relevance of test to job standard of conduct or
knowledge and skills behavior
– eg/ final test for maintenance – eg/ competency on
department on confined space
entry
employee HazCom exam
 LAWS OF LEARNING

• Law of Frequency: • Law of Effect:

– Repetition; practice makes – Will learn better if area
perfect, of interest
• Law of Recency: • Law of Primacy:
– Better learning w/ most
recent information – Of prime importance,
high retention
• Law of Readiness:
– When you have chance to • Law of Intensity:
use it, you’re ready – Increase involvement
• Law of Disuse: level, increase
– Use it or lose it retention
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY - 1

• 3 Functions of a computer:
– Input
– Output
– Process (CPU)

• 4 Major Types of Software Events (Hazards):

– Unwanted
– Prevents needed event
– Out-of-sequence
– Out-of-tolerance
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY - 2

• Two Types of • DB classifications:

Networks:
– Peer-to-Peer – Single User
• inexpensive – Multi-User
• simple
• centralized control
– Client-Server
• centralization
• expensive
• security
 Computer Terminology - 1
• ASCI • GIF/JPG
– American std code for info – Graphical interchange format
interchange
• HUB
• Buffer – used to connect multiple
– Memory area used for computers to an ethernet LAN
temporary storage during
input/output operations • GUI
• DBMS – Graphical user interface
– Collection of data organized for • HTML
efficient storage, editing, etc.
– Hpertext markup language,
• DNS web language
– Domain name system,
• HTTP
registration for domains
– Hypertext transfer protocol
• Ethernet
– interconnects computers
 Computer Terminology - 2
• LAN • SQL
– Local area network
– Structured Query Language
• Protocol
• URL
– System of rules/procedures
governing communication b/w – Uniform resource locator;
devices protocol for web address
• RAM • USB
– Random access memory, – Universal serial bus;
temporary memory while power connector replacing serial
is on port for printers, scanners,
• ROM cameras, etc.
– Read only memory; permanent • VPN
memory – Virtual private network
• RAID • WAN
– Redundant array of independent – Wide area network
drives for data protection
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
• Large quantity generators • Environmental Risk Assessment
must sign Uniform Techniques:
Hazardous Waste Manifest – Probability Analysis
that includes waste
minimization certification – Systems Analysis
• Manifests must be – Cost-Benefit Analysis
maintained for 3 years • Risk Assessment Process:
• Open drum: – Hazard Identification
drum/container that has a
removable lid – Hazard Accounting
• Small quantity generator – Risk Characterization
can store waste on-site – Risk Evaluation
w/o permit for 180 days
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
TX of Hazardous Waste
• Precipitation: • Biological TX:
– Uses coagulants and – Aerobic (free O2) and
flocculants to TX waste water Anearobic
– Heavy metals precipitate at – Low Temp oxidation
different pH levels
• Ion Exchange: • Aeration:
– Chemical process
– Used to TX contaminated
water
• Distillation: – Uses adsorption and air
– Reduces volume of waste stripping
stream by separation into haz
and non-haz streams – Adsorption is removal of
– Physical TX
components of gas mixture
onto a solid bed
• Sedimentation:
• Turbid meter:
– Removal of solids by
gravitational force – Device used to measure
– Physical treatment clarity
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Control of Air Pollution

• Incineration: • Scrubbers:
• Controlled combustion • Remove contaminants
• Afterburners convert by absorption into
CO to CO2 liquid
• “Excess Air” enhances • Neutralize gas mixtures
combustion • Operate on
• Removes organics but countercurrent flow
not heavy metals basis
 LEGAL CONCEPTS
• Tort: • Contributory Negligence:
– A wrongful act or failure to – defense used by employers
exercise due care, other than prior to WC laws
breach of contract, resulting in
legal injury (eg/ libel, slander, • Concept of Privity:
assault and negligence) – direction connection to one
• Liability: another
– An obligation to rectify or • Patent Defect
recompense an injury or damage
by the responsible party – discovered in all items of a
given manufactured batch
• Negligence:
– Failure to exercise a reasonable • Latent Defect
amount of care or to carry out a – occur in a limited number
legal duty so that injury or of manufactured items of a
damage occurs to another given batch
 LEGAL CONCEPTS
• Liabilities: • Breach of Warranty:
– Implied Warranty: – Failure of product to fulfill
expectation, what product contractual obligation
regarding product’s
should be able to do
specifications and
• Warranty of Fitness: will suitability
meet buyer’s intended use
• Warranty of Merchantability:
• Doctrine of “Fellow
relates to buyer’s expectations Servant Rule:”
or what the product should do – Employer not responsible
– Express Warranty: written or for injuries suffered by an
employee due to negligence
oral promise
of another employee
– Strict Liability: negligence or
fault not necessary for liability
• Statutory law is codified
by a governing body
– Limited Liability: to
compensate injured parties
 LEGAL PRINCIPLES
• 4 Parts of a Contract • res ipsa loquitur:
– Agreement speaks for itself
– Consideration • caveat emptor: buyer
– Legal Purpose beware
– Competent parties • caveat venditor: seller
beware
• Note: considered a • ultra vires: beyond
contract when placed in given authority
mail or fax received
 REGULATORY
(OSHA - 1)
• OSHA • Record Keeping
– OSH Act of 1971 – Must be maintained by
– Standards to protect S&H of employers with 11 or >
employees
employees
– Forms:
– Created NIOSH and OSHRC
– OSHA 300: “Log of Work-
– National Consensus Standards related Injuries & Illnesses”;
detailed description of I&I
• NFPA and ANSI containing employee info
– General Standards – OSHA 300A: Total numbers of
• OSHA I&I; must be posted annually
FEB-APR
– Emergency Temporary – Injury must be recorded w/I 6
Standards days
• Created by OSHA in response
• All I&I records must be
to IDLH situations
maintained for 5 years
 REGULATORY (OSHA - 2)
• Variances • Citations
– Temporary: to give ER additional
time to come into compliance; – Issued by OSH Area
must show “on-going” Director
compliance program
– ER can appeal w/in 15 days
– Permanent: must show existing
procedures will result in of issuance
environment as safe and healthful – May issue “notice” rather
as procedure mandated by
standard than citation
• OSHA Inspections – 6 Types: IDLH, Willful,
– Regular: normal “planned”
Repeat, Serious, Non-
inspection schedule Serious, FTA
– Special: result of complaint,
referral, accident, etc.
 REGULATORY
(Haz Com)
• “Workers Right-to- • Requirements:
– Written program, MSDSs, labeling &
Know” of 1983 training
– Above must be available during each
– Affects 3 groups: work shift and available upon request
• Chemical MFRs, importers – Labels must be in English
or distributors • Exemptions:
• Employers – Haz waste, food additives, drugs and
cosmetics, consumer products or
• Employees hazardous substances (by CPSC),
Pesticides and Alcohol not intended
for industrial use.
 REGULATORY
(HAZWOPER)
• Operations involving: • Requirements:
– Site characterization
– Hazardous waste TX – Site Control
– TSDs – Training
– Medical Surveillance (annual)
– Hazardous materials
– ENG, PPE & Work Practices
response
– Haz mat clean-up – Decon
– Emergency Response
– Illumination
– Sanitation
– Site S&H Plan
 REGULATORY
(RCRA - 1)
• Amendment to Solid Waste Disposal Act • “Hazardous Waste”:
(1976) – one or more of following
• Deals with safe disposal of both haz and characterstics:
non-haz waste • corrosive, reactive, ignitable or
• Subtitles toxic
– D: management of non-haz solid • Or, a listed waste
waste • Or, a mixture containing a
– C: management of haz waste listed hazardous waste
– I: regulations for USTs • Generator responsible for haz waste
• Does not deal with abandon haz waste determination
sites (CERCLA) • Generator must apply and obtain EPA
• “Solid Waste:” solid, semi-solid, liquid ID number
or contained gas • Exclusions: household waste, industrial
• “Open Dump”: under Title D, a solid wastewater, domestic sewage, energy
waste facility which does not meet and mineral deposits, fossil fuel
“minimum technical standards” combustion products, mining wastes,
– Must be either upgraded or stopped nuclear waste and irrigation wastes
 REGULATORY
(RCRA - 2)
• Generator Types: • Large QTY generators must
– Conditionally Exempt: < 100 certify on manifest that haz
kg/month waste minimization program is
– Small Quantity: 100-1000 kg/month in place
– Large Quantity: >1000 kg/month • “Exception Report” required
• Transporters must have an EPA ID when manifest not received
number from TSD w/I 45 days
• TSD’s must have an EPA permit • Generators must submit
“Biennial” report to EPA by
• “Storage Facility”: facilities storing
March 1 of each even-
haz waste in excess of 90 days
– Large Qty Generators must have permit
numbered year
for >90 day storage • All generators, transporters, and
• Manifest or “cradle-to-grave” document TSDs must maintain records for
tracks waste from generation to disposal at least 3 years
 REGULATORY
(CERCLA)
• “Superfund Law”
• Involves clean-up of abandoned hazardous waste
sites
• Site must be placed by EPA on NPL using HRS (a
score of at least 28.5 required)
• Concept of “Joint and Several” liability: one
polluter can be held liable for cleanup when many
are involved
• Waste from clean-up managed under RCRA
 REGULATORY
(SARA – Title III - 1)
• Amendment to Superfund Law in • Any facility that produces, uses or
stores any of the chems on EPA list
1986
of extremely hazardous substances
• “Community Right-to-Know” as a (40CFR) exceeding the TPQ is
result of Bhopal incident subject to SARA
• Also known as EPCRA • If subject, facility must notify SERC
• Deals with chemical emergencies w/I 60 days
in communities • SERC and LEPC must be notified if
release off-site beyond RQ
• Governor responsible for forming
• Affected facilities must submit
an SERC MSDSs or list of haz chems to SERC,
• SERC responsible for forming LEPC and local FD
LEPC and dividing state into EPDs • LEPC must submit copies of MSDSs
• Each facility must designate a upon request
“facility emergency coordinator”
 REGULATORY
(SARA – Title III - 2)
• Reporting:
– Tier I: aggregate information by hazard type
– Tier II: specific chemical information
• Must be submitted by March 1 of each year
– Form R: reflects all releases from facility for previous
calendar year
• Must be submitted by July 1 of each year
• Based upon usage threshold
• FOI
– All plans, MSDSs, inventory forms and release forms must
be available to public during normal working hours
 REGULATORY
(FWPCA)

• Federal Water Pollution • Sludge produced by TX facility

treated as hazardous waste
Control Act • EPA and FDA set “action levels”
• Goal to bring all bodies of water for toxic materials in water
into fishable/swimmable condition • Discharges into POTW must be
• Covers “point” and “non-point” pre-treated
sources of pollution • Act also controls vessel sewage
• NPDES permits required for • NDPES permits required for any
discharge “point source” discharge of
– Must be renewed every 5 years pollutants into bodies of water
• Must meet discharge limits set by • NPDES applicant data must be
EPA based upon “best available maintained for 3 years
and practicable” (BACT) • 1987 amendment to CWA
technologies for TX prior to introduced management of “non-
discharge point” sources
 REGULATORY
(TSCA)
• Toxic Substances Control • EPA, after public hearing, can force
MFRs to perform additional testing
Act of 1976 • MFR and importers of new chems must
• Identifying haz chems and their provide a “90 day Notice of Intent” to
means of control EPA
• Risk factors for any new or existing • New chemical: any chem not EPA list of
chems put into substantial new use existing chems
must be evaluated by EPA before • Chems produced in small quantity for
commercialization and/or research purposes are exempt from
distribution notification
• Gives EPA authority to place • EPA must inform other countries of chem
controls on MFR, distribution and export
use of a chemical, including total ban • EPA has authority to inspect any facility
that stores, mfrs, or processes chems
• Exemptions: • PCBs and Asbestos are covered under
– FDA controlled chems TSCA
– FIFRA controlled chems
– NRC controlled materials
 REGULATORY
(CAA - 1)
• Clean Air Act passed in 1970 – Non-attainment:
• Primary and secondary NAAQS • restricts construction which
(national ambient air quality standards) may add to sources of air
• Standards set maximum allowable pollution; also requires
concentration of pollutants permit
• Amendment of 1977 created” • Titles:
– Prevention of Signification – I: stationary sources such as
Deterioration (PSDS):
mfg plants
• intent to limit pollution in areas
– II: mobile sources such as
in compliance with NAAQS
automobiles
• requires permit for
owner/operator of “stationary – III: judicial review/citizen
sources” prior to new lawsuits
construction
• Mandates use of BACT (best
available control technology)
 REGULATORY
(CAA - 2)
• Standards:
• Hazard air pollutant is one which
– Ambient: max safe has no NAAQS
pollutant concentrations • Operator/owner of emission source
– Emission: controls amount must:
of pollution produced by a – keep records
given source – Install/maintain monitoring
• NESHAPS (national equipment
emission standars for – Comply with reporting
haz air pollutants) requirements
• NSPS (new source • If SIP violated, EPA issues notice,
to be corrected within 30 days
performance standards)
• Violations of NESHAPS/NSPS do
– State responsible for not require notice by EPA, but may
designing and illicit immediate action
implementing a SIP (state • Allows citizen suits against EPA
implementation plan) that and owner/operator
achieves NAAQS
 REGULATORY
• NEPA: National • FIFRA: Federal
Environmental Pollutant Act Insecticide, Fungicide,
of 1970 Rodenticide Act of 1972
– CEQ has responsibility for – Regs for labeling,
enforcement storage and disposal of
– EIS (environmental impact
pesticides
statements) must be prepared
prior to undertaking any project – Requires pre-market
which may have averse affect clearance for pesticides
on environment
– EPA has established
– Activities which require EIS:
educational programs
• Those requiring federal permit
• Those using any source of
for users
federal resources for their
implementation
 REGULATORY
• SDA: Safe Water • MPRSA: Marine
Drinking Act of 1974 Protection, Research
– Major objectives: and Sanctuaries Act of
1972
• Set maximum
– Major objective:
pollutant levels on
• Eliminate ocean
drinking water dumping of hazardous
• Protect waste
underground water – Requires permit for any
waste disposed of at sea
– Pre-empts any state
regulations
 Misc. Safety History

• Marshall v. Barlow (1978): • American Textile MFG

– 1st Supreme court case lost Institute v. Donovan
by OSHA
– 4th amendment issue (1981):
– Right to entry of OSHA – “Cotton Dust decision”
– Brought about right of – Cost benefit analysis
refusal of entry and
subsequent warrant process not most important
to enter consideration
• Whirlpool Decision (1980):
– Expanded OSHA protection
to EEs
– EEs could refuse to perform
“IDLH” work
 SAFETY ORGANIZATIONS /
ASSOCIATIONS
• ASSE • System Safety Society
– Formed in 1911 as – Journal of System Safety
United Assoc. of • AIHA
Casualty Inspectors
– AIHA Journal
– Professional Safety
Journal • NFPA
• NSC – NFPA Journal
– Formed in 1913 as
Assoc. of Iron and Steel
Electrical Engineers
 MISC. BCSP
• MEMBERSHIP • ACCREDIATION
ORGANIZATION FOR AGENCIES OF BCSP:
BCSP: – CESB (Council of
– ASSE Engineering and Scientific
Specialty Boards)
– SFPE (Society of Fire Protection
Engineers) – NCCA (National
Commission for Certifying
– AIHA Agencies)
– NSC
– SSS (System Safety Society)
– IIE (Institute of Industrial Engineers)
 BCSP Ethics

• Hold paramount S&H of • Avoid deceptive acts

people, Environment & • Adhere to highest
property professional standards
• Be honest and fair • Act in a way that is
• Issue public statements free of bias
based upon fact & • Seek opportunities for
knowledge constructive service
• Undertake assignments
when qualified