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Disinfection of Water

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Nidhi Mehta
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61 views24 pages

Disinfection of Water

Uploaded by

Nidhi Mehta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DISINFECTION OF WATER

GENERAL

 The process of killing the ineffective bacteria


from water and making it safe to the user
 Removes pathogenic impurities from filtered
water
 The chemicals or substances which are used for
killing the bacteria are known as disinfectants

 Chlorine is most ideal disinfectant


REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD
DISINFECTANTS
 Should remove all the harmful pathogenic
impurities
 Should not take more time in killing them at
normal temperature
 Should be economical and easily available
 Should not require high skills
 Treated water should not be toxic
 Their strength or concentration can be
quickly determined
 Their dose should be such that it leaves some
residual concentration for protection against
contaminated water while conveying
Methods of disinfection

1. The boiling of water


2. By ultra violet rays
3. By the use of iodine and bromine
4. By the use of ozone
5. By the use of excess lime
6. By using potassium permanganate
7. By treating with silver or electro katadyn
process
 By boiling
 Boiled for 15-20 min
 Kills pathogenic bacterias
 Does not provide protection against future
possible contamination
 Very costly method, impossible to employ for
large quantity
 Can be used individually for small quantities
 By Ultra Violet ray
 Invisible light rays having wave
length 1000-4000m
 Sun rays also have UV rays can be
used in disinfection
 In lab can be obtained by the UV
equipment, essentially consists of
mercury vapor enclosed in quartz
bulb and passing current in it
 Procedure : The water is allowed to pass in
thickness not exceeding 10cm before the UV
rays.
 Rays penetrate in water and kill bacteria
 As no chemicals are added, no change in
odour and taste
 Costly process
 Used in disinfection of swimming pool
 Disinfection with Iodine and Bromine
 Kills all pathogenic bacteria
 Quantity should not exceed 8ppm
 Contact period – 5min
 Easily available in form of pills
 Involves High cost
 Can be used in industries and estates
 Disinfection with Ozone
 Used in gaseous form, faintly blue in color and
has pungent smell
 Contains 3 molecules of oxygen
 Produced by passing a high tension electric
current through a stream of air in closed
chamber.
 But as the ozone is unstable, it breaks down in
the oxygen and liberate nascent oxygen
O3 O2 +O
 The nascent oxygen is powerful oxidizing
agent, it kills bacteria as well as oxidizes the
organic matter
 Contact period – 13min
 Dose – 2-3ppm/l
 Residual – 0.1ppm

 In Orthotolidine test, Presence of light


yellow colour indicates presence of residual
oxygen
 Removes color, odour and taste from water
 Being unstable nothing remains in water till it
reaches consumers
 Makes water more tasty and pleasant
 Can be used only if electricity is easily and
cheaply available
 Requires high technical knowledge
 Not commonly used
 Disinfection by excess lime
 Lime is usually used at the water works for
reducing hardness
 If some additional quantity is added to the
water it also acts as a disinfectant
 Addition of excess lime also increases pH
value of the water
 Noted that pH value more than 9.5, all the
bacterias are killed
 Next requirement is to reduce the pH value
for making it fit for domestic use
 Hence not adopted in public water supply
 Disinfection by Potassium permanganate
 Used in the disinfection of dug wells
 Also reduces organic matters by oxidizing
them
 Dose - 1-2mg/litre of water
 contact period of 4-6 hours
 Effeciency is only 98%
 Disinfection with Silver or Electro –
Katadyn process
 Costly method
 Metallic silver ions are introduced into water
by passing it through solid silver electrode
tubes and passing current through 1.5VDC
battery
 Kills all bacterias
 The dose - 0.05-0.1mg/litre
 contact period of 15-180mimutes.
 Necessary to remove suspended organic
matters and hydrogen sulphide before using
Disinfection by chlorine

 Chlorine compound
 Various chlorine compounds used as
disinfectants are:
 hypochlorites of calcium and sodium,
 chloramines,
 Chlorine dioxide
 Complex chlorine compounds
 Addition of chlorine to water
 Observation seen:
 When is chlorine added to water containing
ammonia and organic compounds
 Monochloramine NH2Cl
 Depending upon
dichloramine NHCl3 pH value of the water
 trichloramine NCl3 are released
 When water is free from organic impurities,
 Hypochlorous acid HOCl
Free available chlorine
 Hypochlorite ions OCl
 elemental chlorine are released
+
Cl2 + H2O+= HOCl + H + Cl
HOCl = H + OCl

 If the water contains sewage and waste water,


when chlorine added organic chloramines is
released.
 Break point Chlorination
 When chlorine is added to water which reacts with
organic and inorganic matter which forms common
compounds which are weak disinfectants
 If the chlorine dose is increased, combined available
chlorine also increases and compound gets
oxidized
 Which does not show any residual in orthotolodine
test.
 If the addition of
chlorine continued
and a graph is
plotted b/w chlorine
dose and residual
chlorine a curve is
obtained
 On studying the curve it will be noticed that
residual chlorine in the beginning increases
but after one point suddenly starts
decreasing which is called break point
 The shape of curve depends on the type of
ammonia present in water. The greater
amount of ammonia nitrogen tends produce
high humps and sharp break point
 Advantages
 Completely oxidizes the ammonia and other
impurities
 Color also be removed from water
 Completely destroys pathogenic impurities
 Removes taste and odour
 Prevents growth of weeds

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