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This document provides information on how to write a research paper. It discusses defining a topic, researching the topic through credible sources, drafting an outline and paper, and revising the paper. It also covers the typical structure of a research paper, including sections for the title, author information, abstract, keywords, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, conclusion, and references. The document provides guidance on how to write each of these sections and considerations for formatting tables, figures, and references based on common styles like APA. Overall, the document offers a comprehensive overview of the research paper writing process.

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M Pradeep Kumar
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124 views28 pages

Title Lorem Ipsum: Sit Dolor Amet

This document provides information on how to write a research paper. It discusses defining a topic, researching the topic through credible sources, drafting an outline and paper, and revising the paper. It also covers the typical structure of a research paper, including sections for the title, author information, abstract, keywords, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, conclusion, and references. The document provides guidance on how to write each of these sections and considerations for formatting tables, figures, and references based on common styles like APA. Overall, the document offers a comprehensive overview of the research paper writing process.

Uploaded by

M Pradeep Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Title Lorem

Ipsum
SIT DOLOR AMET
What a research paper means
 A research paper is an essay or article in which ou explain your findings after exploring your topic in
depth.

 In a research paper, you include information from sources such as books, journal or conference articles,
interviews, and Internet sites.

 You also use your own ideas, knowledge, and opinions.


Why to write research paper
 To put new knowledge in a public forum to announce it to others and so that others can use it.

 It improves your Reading Skills from Multiple Sources

 It Creates A Research Mind Set

 It Can Promote Curiosity

 Plagiarism and Intellectual Property Rights Matter

 It improves writing skills

 More points for higher studies like MS, MTech etc


How to Start
Researching Your Topic
 Focus your research on a narrow topic.

 Search for credible sources online and at a library

 Extensive literature survey- recent journal issues and recent conferences on the topic.

 Come up with a topic


Drafting Your Essay
 Create an outline to map out your paper’s structure.

 Present research already done in the topic and argument in the introduction.

 Build your argument in the body paragraphs

 Summarize your argument in the conclusion


Revising Your Paper
 Ensure your paper is well-organized and includes transitions.

 Cut out unnecessary words and sentences. Use simple present, past and future tense as per context.

 Proofread for spelling, grammatical, and formatting errors.

 Ask a friend, relative, or teacher to read your work before you submit it.
Structure of a research paper
Sections of a Research Paper
 Title of the paper
 Authors Information
 Abstract
 Keywords
 Introduction
 Methodology section- can have two or more subsections
 Findings/results
 Conclusion
 References
Title of the Research Paper
 The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study.

 So keep the title brief and clear. Use active verbs instead of complex noun-based phrases, and avoid unnecessary details.

 Moreover, a good title for a research paper is typically around 10 to 12 words long.

 An effective title should:


◦ – Convey the main topics of the study
◦ – Highlight the importance of the research
◦ – Be concise
◦ –Attract readers
◦ – Covid19 Vaccination of Children: A Randomized Trial
◦ – Effect of Covid19 Vaccination on Infection Rates in Rural
◦ Communities: A Randomized Trial
Author Information
 First Author (mostly Corresponding Author)

 There can be three to four authors

 Mentors name as the last authors

 Author Name, Institute name and email-ids of all authors need to be mentioned.

 Doesn’t require your designation, mobile number etc.


Abstract
 An abstract is like a movie trailer. People will only consider reading the rest of the manuscript if they find
your abstract interesting.

 Write the abstract after you have finished writing your whole paper.

 Pick out key statements from your introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections to frame your
abstract with a logical flow.

 Edit your abstract carefully to make it cohesive and meet the word count requirements of the journal. It
should be less than 250 words and should be in one paragraph. No citations unless it is very much
required.
The Abstract

 A summary of the content of the journal manuscript

 A time-saving shortcut for busy researchers

 A guide to the most important parts of your manuscript’s written content

 Your Abstract should answer these questions about your manuscript:


◦ – What was done?
◦ – Why did you do it?
◦ – What did you find?
◦ – Why are these findings useful and important?

TIP: Journals often set a maximum word count for Abstracts, often 250 words, and no citations. This is to
ensure that the full Abstract appears in indexing services.
Keywords
 Keywords are a tool to help indexers and search engines find relevant papers.

 However, to be effective, Keywords must be chosen carefully. They should:


◦ Represent the content of your manuscript
◦ Be specific to your field or sub-field
Introduction
 The Introduction should provide readers with the background information needed to understand your
study, and the reasons why you conducted your experiments.

 Every field is different, but you should aim to cite references that are not more than 10 years old if
possible. Although be sure to cite the first discovery or mention in the literature even if it older than 10
years.
Introduction
A good introduction should answer the following questions:

– What is the problem to be solved?

– Are there any existing solutions? (Literature Survey)

– Which is the best?

– What is its main limitation?

– What do you hope to achieve?


Literature Review
 The purpose of the literature review is to describe past important research and how it specifically relates
to the research thesis. It should include all relevant findings from credible sources, such as academic
books and peer-reviewed journal articles. You will want to:

 Try to show connections and any disparities between the literature.

 Identify new ways to interpret prior research.

 Reveal any gaps that exist in the literature.


Methodology
 It can have three or more sections

 The methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a study's validity is judged.

 Therefore, it requires a clear and precise description of how the work was done, and why specific
methods were chosen.

 If proposing new method, what is the requirement nd comparison with existing methods
Methodology
 The methods section should describe what was done to answer the research question, describe how it
was done, justify the design, and explain how the results were analysed.

 Scientific writing is direct and orderly.

 Therefore, the methods section structure should:


◦ – describe the data used in the study,
◦ – explain how the data were prepared for the study, describe the research protocol,
◦ – Explain algorithms made
◦ – what calculations were performed, and state which statistical tests were done to analyze the data.
Tables and Figures
 Tables are used to present quantitative data or statistical results of analyses. Examples of quantitative data
are population, age, frequency, etc.
 Figures on the other hand come in different forms. These could be graphs, images.
 Figures and tables should be clearly visible
 Ensure that all the tables you have included are referred to in your text.
 Do not include explicit instructions in your text for the readers to refer to the tables. It's best to make a brief
reference, for example, “More than half of the Canadian population has not consumed hot sauce in the first
half of 2010 (Table 1).“Avoid instructions such as "See Table 2“ and "Refer to Figure 6"
 Pay particular attention to your target journal’s style: is it Figure 1, Fig. 1, or figure 1? Is the word set in italics
or bold or normal? Is it followed by a colon, a full stop, or just space? And does the caption end in a full stop?
Conclusion
 Paraphrase it or summarize the key points of your paper.

 You may emphasize the significance of your findings as well.

 A good idea is to provide some recommendations based on the results of your investigation or suggest
some directions for further research.
Reference List
 No paper is complete without a reference list, documenting all the sources that you used for your
research.

 This should be laid out according to APA or other specified format, allowing any interested researcher to
follow up on the research.
APA: American Psychological Association Style
• Mischel, W. and Baker, N. (1975). Cognitive transformations of reward objects through instructions.
Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 31, 254-261.
• Author, I. N. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal or Periodical, volume number(issue
number), page numbers.

• How to refer in the paper


– Mischel and Baker (2005) outlines clear difference……….
IEEE Referencing Style
People find hearing aids inconvenient, and some accept that losing hearing capability is a part of aging,
known as
presbycusis [6], [7].
References:
[6] G. Gates and J. Mills, "Presbycusis," Lancet, vol. 366, no. 9491, pp. 1111–1120, 2005.
[7] J. Cohen-Mansfield and J. Taylor, "Hearing aid use in nursing homes. Part 2: Barriers to effective
utilization of
hearing aids," J. Amer. Med. Dir. Assoc., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 289– 296, 2004.
Tools for Research Paper Preparation

• Manuscript preparation- MSWord, Open Office writer, Latex etc


• Grammar checkers .
https://www.grammarly.com/
• Referencing Tools- Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote
• Plagiarism checkers- While Turnitin is available to Universities, Scribbr is available to students.
Many free online tools are available.
https://www.paperrater.com/plagiarism_checker
Indexing of a Journal

• Indexing: Indexation of a journal is considered a reflection of its quality.


• Indexed journals are considered to be of higher scientific quality as compared to non-indexed
journals.
• https://www.springer.com/journal/10994
– UGC Care indexing
https://ugccare.unipune.ac.in/apps1/home/index
– SCOPUS Indexed
https://www.scopus.com/sources.uri?zone=TopNavBar&origin=se archbasic
– Science Citation indexing (SCI)
https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results
Top Publishers

• Publishers
– Elsevier,
– Springer,
– Emerald,
– Taylor and Francis,
– Science Direct,
– IEEE Transactions,

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