THE NATURE OF

SOLIDS
Lesson 1
NATURE OF SOLIDS
AND PHASE
CHANGE
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous
solids. (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-104).
2. Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-107);
3. Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a
substance (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-109).
WHAT I KNOW
What I Need to Know
After the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
Compare the structure of crystalline solids with amorphous solids,
Relate the properties of solids to their structure and bonding,
List the changes that occur in a substance when it is steadily
heated or cooled,
Calculate the amount of heat absorbed or released when a given
mass of water undergoes a change in state, and
Identify the features of phase diagram.
What’s New
Activity 2.1 Observing and Comparing Solids
This is a short activity that can be done in approximately 10 minutes.

Materials needed: Magnifying glasses, sugar, salt, pepper.

Procedure:
Observe granules of sugar, salt, and pepper under a magnifying glass, and observe
the similarities and differences between these common materials.
A pinch of each material should be taken from its container and placed on a piece
of paper or board paper.
Using different magnifying glasses with different powers, they examine the grains.
What’s New

PEPPER
SUGAR

SALT
What’s New
Guide Questions:
1. Can you see the difference between the sugar and salt
granules? Can you see the different angles?
2. Are there angles in the pepper? Does it look crystalline?
3. Which of the substances appears to be made of crystals?
4. Defend your answer with evidence from your observation.
5. What did you use to help you decide which are crystals,
and which are not?
What is It

SOLIDS

AMORPHOU
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
S SOLIDS

Solids without
Molecular Covalent
Ionic solids Metallic solids a crystal
solids network solids
lattice
The Nature of Solids
Crystalline solids
- are those whose atoms are, ions, or molecules are
ordered in a well defined arrangements.
- They usually have flat surfaces or faces, and sharp
angles.
- These solids have regular shapes.
Example: ice, sugar, salt, and gems
Amorphous solids
(from the Greek word for ‘without form’) – are those
solids whose particles do not have orderly structures;
therefore they have poorly-defined shapes.
Examples:
glass, plastic, coal, and rubber. They are considered
super-cooled liquids where molecules are arranged in a
random manner similar to the liquid state.
 Types of Crystalline Solids
Type of Crystalline Types of Particles Forces between Particles Properties Examples
Solid

Ionic Positive and negative Electrostic attractions hard, brittle and poor Typical salts like NaCl,
ions electrical and thermal MgCl2, Ca(NO3)2
conduction
Molecular Atoms or molecules Hydrogen bonds, dipole- Soft, low to moderately high Most Organic compound
dipole forces and London melting point, and poor like CH4, C12H22O11 and
dispersion forces thermal and electrical many organic compounds
conduction like CO2, H2O and Br2

Covalent network Atoms connected in a Covalent bonds Very hard very high melting Diamond, C;Silicon
network of covalent point, and often poor thermal Carbide,SiC and quartz,
molecules and electrical conduction SiO2

Metallic Atoms or molecules Metallic bonds Soft to hard, low to high All metallic elements like
melting point, melleable, Cu, Na, Zn,Fe, and Al.
ductile and good thermal and
electrical conduction
Crystal Lattice and the Unit Cell
Unit cell
The shape of crystal depends on the arrangement of the
particles within it. The smallest portion of the crystal which
shows the complete pattern of its particles is called a unit cell.
Crystal Lattice
When unit cells are repeated in all directions, a crystal
lattice is formed.
Crystal Lattice and the Unit Cell
There are 14 different unit-cell geometries that occur
in crystalline solids. All unit cells are parallelepipeds
(six-sided figures whose faces are parallelograms)
and differ only in the lengths of the cell edges and
angles between the edges.
Crystal Lattice and the Unit Cell
Crystal Lattice and the Unit Cell
 Crystal Lattice and the Unit Cell
Simple cubic unit cell has an atom at each of the eight
corners of the cube.
Body-centered cubic unit cell has an additional atom in
the center of its cube.
Face-centered cubic cell has additional atoms on each of
its faces where each is shared with another neighboring
cube.
PHASE CHANGES
Lesson 2
Phase Changes
The Types of Phase Changes
Melting or fusion is when a solid turns into a liquid.
 Freezing or solidifying is when a liquid turns into a solid.
 Evaporation or vaporization is when a liquid turns into a
gas.
 Condensation is when a gas turns into a liquid.
 Sublimation is when a solid turns directly into a gas.
 Deposition is when a gas turns directly into a solid.
Phase Changes
Quantitative Aspects in Phase Changes
Specific Heat
– is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a
substance by one degree Celsius.
Specific heat can be calculated using:
Specific heat = joules
g0 C
Or by transforming the equation for heat:
Q = mcΔT
where Q = heat
m = mass
c = specific heat capacity
ΔT = change in temperature
Quantitative Aspects in Phase Changes
Heat of fusion
- the amount of energy required to overcome the intermolecular
forces to convert solid into a liquid.
The formula for heat of fusion is:
Q = mΔHfus
where Q = heat
m = mas
ΔHfus = change in enthalpy of fusion
Quantitative Aspects in Phase Changes
Heat of vaporization
- The amount of energy necessary to convert a liquid
into gas.

The formula for heat of fusion is:

Q = mΔHvap
where Q = heat
m = mas
ΔHvap = change in enthalpy of vaporization
Phase Changes
Phase Diagram for Water
Phase Diagram CO2
 What’s More
Supercritical Fluids
When the temperature and pressure of a substance are above critical
point, the substance becomes a dense gas or superficial fluids(SCF).
At this state, substances are less viscous and diffuse more readily than
liquids.
Supercritical fluids fill their container completely like gases but can
dissolve other substances like liquids.
The field of supercritical fluids is a combination of chemistry, physics
and engineering.
 What’s More
Supercritical Fluids
Its commercial and scientific applications are in
the food processing industries of several food
products.
One example is the removal of caffeine from
green coffee beans using supercritical CO2 at
about 30oC 73 atm. The SCF CO2 penetrates the
coffee beans and extracts the caffeine leaving a
product that is free of any residue . Many brands
of coffee are decaffeinated this way.
 What I Have Learned
Activity 3.1.2. True or False! Write the word True if the idea expressed in
the statement is correct. If the statement is wrong, write the word False.
Underline the word/s that make the statement wrong, then write the correct
answer. 
_________1. Phase diagrams are plots of pressure (usually in pascals) versus
temperature (usually in degrees Celsius or Kelvin).
_________2. There are two important points on the diagram, the triple point,
and the critical point.
_________3. 1 atm is the standard pressure.
_________4. The melting and boiling points of the substance can be
determined by the vertical lines on the curve.
_________5. Cooling curve is the reverse of heating curve.
 What I Can Do (Performance Task #3)
Activity 3.1.4. Know Me!
Answer the following questions. You may refer to books and the
internet to solidify your explanation. Your answers should be at
least 5 sentences. (10points each)
1. You went for a hike on the mountaintop near your vicinity. To help you
regain your strength following the exhausting work, you decide to hard-
boil an egg and eat it. To your surprise, water seem to boil quicker than
usual, but after 10 mins in boiling water, the egg is still not cooked. Why
is that?
2. Why do pressure cookers save time in the kitchen? Explain the effect of
pressure on boiling point.
Assessment:

Click the link for your assessment: Quiz#3

Thank you!!!