CHEMICAL
AND
NERVOUS
CONTROL
Nervous system
Endocrine Gland System
Tropism
Nervous system
The nervous system gathers
information, processes the
information and elicits a
corresponding response or
reaction to the stimulus.
Two main
divisions:
Central Nervous
System (CNS) and
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM is
composed of brain
and spinal cord.
The brain is the
CENTRAL NERVOUS
control center while
the spinal cord
SYSTEM (CNS)
connects the brain
to other nerves of
the body.
Peripheral Nervous
System
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is
composed of nerves that branch out from the
brain and spinal cord to specific body parts
and divided further into somatic and
autonomic nervous system. The somatic
nervous system controls voluntary body
movements while the autonomic controls
involuntary actions.
NEURON
A neuron transmits electrical
signals called action potential or
an impulse or an across the system
and let a body part respond
accordingly.
An impulse is a sudden change
in the electrical potential of the
cell membrane.
4 Basic Parts of Neuron:
Dendrites soma Axon and axon
terminal
Are several projections which Cell body contains the Single projection from the soma
extends outward from the cell nucleus and most which carries the impulse to the
body to receive chemical signals organelles. axon terminal. Maybe envelope
from the axon terminals of another by myelin sheath for faster
neuron. conduction of impulse.
Neurons connect with one another
through a junction called synapse. The
moment an action potential reaches
the axons terminal, a series of events
will be created leading to the
stimulation of the next neuron.
Chemicals called
neurotransmitter are released
which facilitate the
transmission of an impulse
across a synapse.
The
endocrine
system
Endocrine gland
system
Chemical coordination of
body functions is mediated
by endocrine system,
composed of ductless
glands that release
hormones.
hormones
Hormones are chemical
messengers secreted by a gland
and affect the specific target tissue
or organ.
The endocrine and nervous
system coordinate with each
other through a series of
feedback mechanism.
Feedback
mechanism
A mechanism or a signal that
tends to initiate (or
accelerate) or to inhibit (or
slow down) a process.
Endocrine glands
hypothalamu
sSection of the brain responsible for the
production of many of the body’s
essential hormones, chemical
substances that help control different
cells and organs.
Govern physiologic functions such as
temperature regulation, thirst,
hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and
the release of other hormones within
the body.
Endocrine glands
hypothalamus
Growth hormone releasing hormone
• Stimulates release of GH from the pituitary gland.
Corticotropin releasing hormones
• Stimulates release of ACTH from the pituitary gland.
Thyroid releasing hormone
• Stimulates release of TSH from the pituitary gland.
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gnrh)
• Stimulates release of FSH and LH from the pituitary
gland.
Antidiuretic hormone
• Promotes absorption of H2O by kidneys.
Oxytocin
• Induces labor and milk release from the mammary
glands in female.
P I T GLAN
U I T
D
A R Y
is a small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in
regulating vital body functions and general
wellbeing. It is referred to as the body's 'master gland'
because it controls the activity of most other
hormone-secreting glands.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
• Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete
thyroxine
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) &
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Involved in production of sex hormones;
regulates menstrual cycle in female
Prolactin (PRL)
• Stimulates mammary gland growth and
milk production in females
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine increases
metabolic rate and heart
rate. It also promotes
growth
Parathyroid Gland
Increases blood
Ca2+
Epinephrine
Adrenal Gland
• Produces many effects
related to short-term stress
response
Cortisol
• Produces many effects
related to short-term and
long-term responses
Aldosterone
• Increases reabsorption
of Na+ by kidneys
Pancreas
• Islets of Langerhans
Insulin
• Decreases blood glucose
Glucagon
• Increases blood glucose
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Kidneys
• Increases synthesis of
red blood cells
Vitamin D
• Decreases blood C
OVARIES
Estradiol
• regulates development and
maintenance of secondary sex
characteristics in females; other
effects
Progesterone
• prepares uterus for pregnancy
TESTES
Testosterone regulates
development and maintenance
of secondary sex
characteristics in males; other
effects
COMPARE AND
CONTRAST:
NERVOUS AND
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
Comparison
Endocrine System Nervous System
VS
Endocrine system refers to the collection of glands Nervous system refers to the network of nerve cells
that produce hormones to control the functions of that coordinate the functions of the body by
the body. transmitting nerve impulses
Composed of glands Composed of nerve cells that are arranged in the
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous
Uses hormones to transmit the signal to the effector Uses neuro transmitters to transmit the signals to the
organ effector organ
Signals are transmitted through the blood Signals are transmitted through the nerve cells
Comparison
Endocrine System Nervous System
VS
The whole system is not physically connected The whole system is physically connected
Signals take more time to reach the effective organ Signals are transmitted within a short period of time
Effect is widespread Effect is localized
Controls the growth, hydration level, glucose level, Controls the muscle movement, heartbeat, digestion,
heat productivity, sexual maturity, and the breathing, senses, speech and memory
production of gametes
Function depends on age, stress, environmental Function can be affected by multiple sclerosis,
factors, genetics and disease conditions meningitis, and cancers
Coordination between the Nervous System and
the Endocrine System
Comparison between nervous coordination and hormonal coordination
• Both are important in performing body activities
• Hormonal control differs from nervous control in some aspects
• Their similarities are:
control and
coordinate body respond to a possess target
functions and stimuli organ
activities
The endocrine system secretes
hormones that coordinate slower but
Coordination longer acting responses including
reproduction, development, energy
Between metabolism, growth and behavior
Endocrine
and
Nervous The nervous system conveys high-speed
electrical signals along specialized cells
System called neurons; these signals regulate
other cells
TROPISM
All living things respond Plant response
to environmental stimuli
primarily to survive. Recent studies also show
that some plants can
The sensitive plant,
Plants, which are sessile release chemicals that act
"makahiya", closes its
exhibit responses to as defense mechanisms
leaflets once touched.
stimuli such as light, and predators
wind, water and touch. The sunflower moves
toward the direction of
Responses are importantthe sun.
to get a needed nutrients, The stomata close in
survive a certain response to rapid loss of
condition or to defend water.
itself from predators
and to reproduce. The seed of some plants
need to be burned to
trigger seed germination.
Tropism
Is a biological mechanism that
enables plants to move toward
(positive tropism) or against
(negative tropism) the source
of stimulus.
Tropo means “turn”
The roots grow underground
because they usually move
toward the source of water
and the center of gravity.
Leaves usually grow above
ground where they absorb
sunlight.
Types of tropism:
Thigmotropism – growth response to touch.
Geotropism – growth response to gravity.
Hydrotropism – growth response to water.
Chemotropism – growth response to chemicals.
Phototropism – growth response to light.
Thermotropism – growth response to heat or a
change in temperature.
Tropism
• Hormones are chemical
messengers in plants.
• They regulate various
biochemical and physiological
responses that include seed
germination, flowering,
photosynthesis, fruit ripening
and shoot and root
development.
Overview of Plant Hormones
1
Hormone Where produced and found in Major Function
plants
Auxin (IAA) Embryo of seed, meristems of Stimulates stem elongation(low
apical buds, young leaves concentration only), root growth,
cell differentiation, and
branching: regulates
development of fruit; enhances
apical dominance; function in
phototropism and gravitropism;
promotes xylem differentiation;
retards leaf abscission.
Cytokinins Synthesized in roots and Affect root growth and
transported to other organs differentiation; stimulate cell
division and growth; stimulate
germination; delay senescene
Where produced and found in
Hormone Major Function
plants
Promotes seed and bud
germination, stem elongation,
Meristems of apical buds and and leaf growth; stimulates
Gibberellins
roots, young leaves, embryo flowering and development of
fruit; affect root growth and
differentiation
Inhibit root growth; retard leaf
Seeds, fruits, shoots, leaves and
Brassinosrteroids abscission; promotes xylem
floral buds
differentiation
Hormone Where produced and found in Major Function
plants
Abscisic Acid Leaves, stem, roots, green fruit Inhibits growth; closes stomata
during water stress; promotes
seed dormancy
Ethylene Tissues of ripening fruits, nodes Promotes fruit ripening,
of stems, aging leaves and opposes some auxin effects;
flowers promotes or inhibits growth
and development of roots,
leaves and flowers, depending
on species
MEMBERS:
Alvear, Diana Elizabeth
Cubacub, Yhasmin
Gallardo, Jamvie
Hernandez, Lyra Yzabel
Pascual, Jamaika
