Lecture-1
Introduction
Peripherals & Interfacing
Course ID: CSE - 4813
Course Title: Peripherals & Interfacing
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Reference Book
Microprocessors and Interfacing: Programming and Hardware,
Author: Douglas V. Hall
Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with
the 8085 Author: Ramesh Gaonkor
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Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Two terms to be used mostly in this course
Microprocessor
Microcontroller
Microprocessor
A microprocessor (abbreviated as µP or uP) is a Silicon
Chip that contains an electronic central processing unit
(CPU). In the world uP or CPU used interchangeably,
which is made from miniaturized transistors and other
circuit elements on a single semiconductor integrated
circuit (IC).
Examples: Intel Pentium, Intel 80x86, 8086, 8085 etc.
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Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Microcontroller
Dedicated to perform one task.
Integrates the memory and other features of
a microprocessor.
A microcontroller is the integration of
Microprocessor
Memory
ROM types – commonly flash PROM
RAM – Static ram
Peripherals
Parallel input and output
Serial input and output (UART, USART, etc.)
Analogue to digital convertors
Timers and Counters
Examples: ATmega8A, Atmega32A,
ATmega328 etc.
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Peripherals and Interfaces
Computer peripherals such
as disk drives, display, Interface Memory
keyboard, printers etc. work in
different ways and linking a Bus Module
peripheral to the processor is Control
a difficult task. logic
An interface is the hardware
and software needed between a Mass
processor and a peripheral Microprocesso Interface Storag
device in order to compensate r (CPU) e
for differences in their Device
operating characteristics.
The interface allows the
Timing I/O
two devices to Interface
communicate correctly. D evice
s
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Embedded Systems
Embedded Systems embeds devices/applications
of daily life based on the demand or necessity.
Example: Smart Phones, Bio-Sensors etc.
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Summary of Terminologies
Microprocessor = CPU
Microcontroller = CPU + Peripherals + Memory
Peripherals = Ports + Clock + Timers + USART +
A D C Converters +LCD drivers + DAC + other stuff
Memory = EEPROM + SRAM + EPROM + Flash
A microcontroller has a combination of all this stuff.
A microprocessor is just a CPU.
An embedded system includes everything.
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Overview of Micro-Computer Structure
A microcomputer has three basic blocks: a
central processing unit (CPU), a memory unit,
and an input/output (I/O) unit.
The CPU(microprocessor) executes all the instructions
and performs arithmetic and logic operations on data.
A memory unit stores both data and instructions.The
memory section typically contains ROM and RAM chips.
A system bus (comprised of several wires) connects
these blocks – Address Bus, Data Bus and Control
Bus.
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Overview of Micro-Computer Structure
In a single-chip
microcomputer
, these three
elements are on
one chip, whereas
In a single-chip
microprocessor
, separate chips
are required for
memory and I/O.
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System Bus
System Bus
The microcomputer’s system bus contains three buses,
address, data, and control bus
When a memory or an I/O chip receives data from the
microprocessor, it is called a WRITE operation, and data
is written into a selected memory location or an I/O port
(register).
When a memory or an I/O chip sends data to the
microprocessor, it is called a READ operation, and data
is read from a selected memory location or an I/O port.
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System Bus
The Address Bus
It is a Unidirectional bus.
Information transfer takes place in only one direction,
from the microprocessor to the memory or I/O
elements.
Typically 20 to 32 bits long.
The size of the address bus determines the total
number of
memory addresses available
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System Bus
The Data Bus
It is a bidirectional bus
Data can flow in both directions, that is, to or from
the microprocessor.
The size of the data bus varies from one
microprocessor to
another.
Usually matches the word length of the
microprocessor
Usually a multiple of 8
We talk of 8-bit, 16-bit , 32-bit and 64-bit
processors which
refers to the normal word length of the
12 microprocessor
System Bus
The Control Bus
It consists of a number of signals that are used to
synchronize operation of the individual microcomputer
elements.
Consists of potentially many signals.Typically:-
Read
Write
Could be single signal - Read/notWrite line
Interrupt control
Bus control signals for DMA (Direct Memory
Access)
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Clock Signals
The system clock signals are contained in the
control bus.
The number of cycles per second (hertz, abbreviated
Hz) is referred to as the clock frequency.
Clock Cycle = 1/f; where, f is the clock frequency.
Clock frequency determines the speed of the
microcomputer.
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Single-Chip Microprocessor
The microprocessor is the CPU of the microcomputer
The logic inside the microprocessor chip can be
divided into three main areas: the register section, the
control unit, and the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU).
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Registers
The number, size, and types of registers vary from
one microprocessor to another.
There are four basic microprocessor registers:
Instruction register
Program counter
Memory address register
Accumulator
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Register - Instruction Register
The instruction register stores instructions.
The word size of the microprocessor determines the
size of the instruction register.
For example, a 32-bit microprocessor has a 32-bit
instruction register.
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Register – Program Counter
The program counter contains the address of
the instruction or operation code (op-code).
The program counter normally contains the address
of the next instruction to be executed.
The size of the program counter is determined by
the size of the address bus.
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Register – Memory Address Register
The memory address register contains the address
of data.
The microprocessor uses the address, which is stored
in the memory address register, as a direct pointer to
memory.
The contents of the address is the actual data that
is being transferred.
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Register – Accumulator
It is a General Purpose Register (GPR).
For an 8-bit microprocessor, the general-purpose
register is called the accumulator.
It stores the result after most ALU operations.
These 8-bit microprocessors have instructions to shift
or rotate the accumulator one bit to the right or left
through the carry flag.
In16- and 32-bit microprocessors the accumulator
is replaced by a GPR.
Any GPR can be used as an accumulator.
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Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)
The ALU performs all the data manipulations, such as
arithmetic and logic operations, inside a
microprocessor.
The size of the ALU conforms to the word length of
the microcomputer.
ALU Functions:
Binary addition and logic operations
Finding the one’s complement of data
Shifting or rotating the contents of a general-purpose
register
1 bit to the left or right through a carry
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Control Unit
The main purpose of the control unit is to read
and decode instructions from the program
memory.
To execute an instruction, the control unit steps through
the appropriate blocks of the ALU based on the op-
codes contained in the instruction register/program
counter.
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Thank You
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