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Lecture-2 (Overview of Microcomputer Structure and Operation)

This document provides an overview of the structure and operation of a microcomputer. It describes the main components as the CPU, memory (RAM and ROM), I/O, and system buses. The CPU fetches and executes instructions from memory and controls the overall operation. Memory stores binary instructions and data. I/O units allow communication between the user and computer. The system buses include the address bus to carry memory addresses, data bus to transfer data bidirectionally, and control bus with signals to synchronize components.

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LHK
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74 views

Lecture-2 (Overview of Microcomputer Structure and Operation)

This document provides an overview of the structure and operation of a microcomputer. It describes the main components as the CPU, memory (RAM and ROM), I/O, and system buses. The CPU fetches and executes instructions from memory and controls the overall operation. Memory stores binary instructions and data. I/O units allow communication between the user and computer. The system buses include the address bus to carry memory addresses, data bus to transfer data bidirectionally, and control bus with signals to synchronize components.

Uploaded by

LHK
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Overview of Microcomputer

Structure and Operation

Department of Computer Science & Engineering


BRAC University.

Course ID: CSE - 341


Course Title: Microprocessors
Block Diagram of a Microcomputer
Components of Microcomputer:
 CPU (Microprocessor)
 Memory (RAM, ROM etc.)
 I/O
 System Buses:
 Address bus
 Data bus
 Control bus

Address bus

ROM RAM I/O I/O


CPU interface devices

Data bus Control


bus

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CPU - Central Processing Unit

 FETCH : Take in binary-coded instructions from memory


 DECODE : Analyze or make sense of the instructions
 EXECUTE : Carry out the instructions
 Controls overall operation of the computer

 Important components: Registers , ALU , Control Unit

Pentium D dual core processors

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Memory
 This is where all the binary coded instructions and data are stored.
Example: ROM, RAM etc.

RAM (Random Access Memory) :


 Can be read and written to anytime by the CPU.
 It is volatile memory. That means contents of RAM are erased when the
power to the computer is turned off.

ROM (Read Only Memory) :


 Can only be read by the CPU.
 It is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes like computer's
initial start-up instructions.
 It is non volatile memory. That means contents of ROM are NOT erased
when the power to the computer is turned off.

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I/O Unit
 Input/output (I/O) units serve as a medium of
communication between the user and the computer.

 Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and


outputs are the signals or data sent from it.
 Devices that provide input or output to the computer are
called peripherals.
 For example:
keyboard, mouse (input)
display, printer(output)
hard disk (both input and output)

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System Bus

 System bus is made up of three types of bus :


 Address Bus
 Data Bus
 Control Bus

 WRITE operation : When data is written onto memory


location or an I/O port by the processor
 READ operation : When data is read from a selected
memory location or an I/O port by the processor

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Address Bus
 Carries memory address of the instructions which are to
be executed
 Information transfer takes place from the processor to
the memory or I/O elements.
 That is why address bus is Unidirectional.
 Size is generally16, 20, 24, 32 or 36 bits.
 The number of locations that the CPU can address is
determined by the size of address bus

For example : microprocessor with 32 bit address bus can


address 232 memory locations

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Data Bus

 It is used to carry data.


 It is a bidirectional. That means data can flow in both to
or from the microprocessor.
 The size of the data bus varies from one microprocessor
to another.
 Usually matches the word length of the microprocessor
 Size is generally 8,16, 32 or 64 bits

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Control Bus
 It carries timing and control signals generated by the
CPU that are used to synchronize operation of the
individual microcomputer elements.

 It can carry many different signals. For e.g.


 I/O Read
 I/O Write
 Interrupt
 Memory read
 Memory write

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Fetch & Execute Cycles
The Fetch & Execute Cycle of the CPU is composed of three
basic operations :
 Fetch
 Decode
 Execute

 Fetch :
 The instruction required from memory is stored or copied in
the instruction register.
 Increments the program counter so that it points to the next
instruction.

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The CPU’s Special Purpose Registers
 Program Counter : Holds address of next instruction
 Instruction Register : Holds the instruction currently being executed
or decoded
 Memory Address Register : Holds memory address from where data will
be fetched
 Memory Data Register : Holds the data being transferred to the
memory or from the memory by the CPU

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Fetching an Instruction
 Step 1
Program Counter or instruction pointer (IP) is a register that
holds the address of the next instruction to be fetch.

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Fetching an Instruction
 Step 2

The address
moves over the
address bus to the
Memory Address
Register

Memory Address
Register

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Fetching an Instruction
 Step 3

Memory location of
the instruction is
located

Memory Address
Register

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Fetching an Instruction

 Step 4

Memory Data Register

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Fetching an Instruction

 Step 5

Memory Data Register

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Food for thought

 What do you mean by a 32 bit Data Bus ?

 BIOS is a special program that orchestrates loading the


computer's operating system. Should it be stored in ROM
or RAM ?

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