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Presentation: University of Gujrat Hafiz Hayat Campus

This presentation summarizes surface tension of liquids. It defines surface tension as the tensile force acting along the surface of a liquid. It discusses how surface tension arises from intermolecular forces and how it allows liquids to form spherical drops and insects to float. The presentation outlines different methods to determine surface tension, including the capillary rise method and Du Nouy's torsion balance method. It also explains how surface tension decreases with increasing temperature and allows for capillary action and wetting based on contact angle.

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198 views17 pages

Presentation: University of Gujrat Hafiz Hayat Campus

This presentation summarizes surface tension of liquids. It defines surface tension as the tensile force acting along the surface of a liquid. It discusses how surface tension arises from intermolecular forces and how it allows liquids to form spherical drops and insects to float. The presentation outlines different methods to determine surface tension, including the capillary rise method and Du Nouy's torsion balance method. It also explains how surface tension decreases with increasing temperature and allows for capillary action and wetting based on contact angle.

Uploaded by

Mg H
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presentation

PRESENTED TO : DR. MUHAMMAD HAMAYYUN AFRIDI


PRESENTED BY : MIRZA HAMZA ALI
ROLL # : 19011507-124
SEMESTER : BS-CHEMISTRY III-B, FALL 2020
COURSE TITLE : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-I
COURSE CODE : CHEM-201
DEPARTMENT : DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, JBH-B

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT HAFIZ HAYAT


CAMPUS
SURFACE TENSION, PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF
LIQUIDS
OUTLINE
 Introduction and Definition
 Units of surface tension
 Diagrammatic Analysis
 Effect of Temperature
 Capillary Action and Contact Angle
 Determination of surface tension
 Conclusion
INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION

Surface Tension is the property of liquids arises from the intermolecular forces of attraction.
A molecule in the interior of liquid is attracted equally in all directions by the molecules
around it. The forces on the sides being counterbalanced the surface molecule is pulled only
inward the liquid. Thus there is a tendency on the part of the surface
molecules to go into the bulk of the liquid.
The liquid surface is, therefore under tension
and tends to contract
to the smallest possible area in order to have the minimum number of molecules at the surface. It is
for the reason that in air,
drops of a liquid assume spherical shapes because for a
given volume of sphere has the minimum surface area.

Surface Tension is defined as,


“ The force in dynes acting along the surface of a liquid at right angle to any line 1cm in length “
“ It is a tensile force acting on the liquid surface in contact with gas or another immiscible liquid “
It is represented by symbol sigma or gamma.
FORMULA
Its formula is,
Surface Tension = Tensile Force/Length
Surface tension allows insects, usually denser than water to float and stride on a water surface. At
liquid-air interfaces, surface tension results from the greater attraction of liquid molecules to each
other (due to cohesion) than to the molecules in the air (due to adhesion). Moreover, thicker
liquids have higher surface tension than thinner liquids.
UNITS OF SURFACE TENSION

Surface tension is related to the attractive forces between the molecules. Liquids with the large
attractive forces have relatively large surface tension. The large surface tension of water is mainly
due to more extensive hydrogen bonding in the water structure.
The units of surface tension are:
 It’s S.I unit is newton per meter.
 Newton per meter also equals to Joules per square meter.
 In CGS system, its unit is dynes per centimeter.
 Both units are related to each other.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND SURFACE TENSION

A change in temperature causes a change in surface tension of a liquid. When temperature increases,
there is increase in kinetic energy of liquid molecules (as kinetic energy is directly proportional to
temperature), thereby decreasing intermolecular forces. In other words, surface tension decreases
with the
Increase in temperature and becomes zero
near the critical temperature (Tc).
SURFACE TENSION OF SOME LIQUIDS AT VARIOUS
TEMPERATURES
CAPILLARY ACTION AND CONTACT ANGLE

The rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary tube is related to the surface tension of the liquid. Whether
a liquid rises in a glass capillary like water or is depressed like mercury depends on the relative
magnitude of the forces of cohesion between the liquid molecules themselves and the forces of
adhesion between the liquid and the walls of the tube. These forces determine the contact angle,
which the liquid makes with the walls of the tube. If the contact angle is less than 90 degree, the
liquid is said to wet the surface and a concave meniscus is formed. If the contact angle is greater
than 90 degree the liquid does not wet the surface and a convex meniscus is formed.
The formation of a concave meniscus by a liquid that wets the glass leads to a capillary rise, where
as the formation of a convex meniscus leads to the depression of the liquid (which does not wet the
glass) in a capillary tube.
DETERMINATION OF SURFACE TENSION
Following are the name of methods that are used for the determination and measurement of surface
tension:
 Capillary Rise Method
 Torsion Method (Du Nouy’s Torsion Balance Method)
 Drop Formation Method
* Drop Weight Method
* Drop Number Method
 Maximum Bubble Pressure Method
CAPILLARY RISE METHOD

A fine capillary tube is vertically immersed in a test liquid that wets glass. The liquid
rises to certain height
Un till the force of surface tension pulling
The liquid upward is counterbalanced by
The downward by hydrostatic force.
THE TORSION METHOD

This method is usually used for the quick determination of surface tension of a liquid.
In this method the
force required to detach a plantinum
ring (Du Nouy Ring) from the liquid
surface is measured.
DROP FORMATION METHOD

It further have two determination methods for surface tension of a liquid:


 Drop Weight Method

 Drop Number Method


MAXIMUM BUBBLE PRESSURE METHOD

In this method air pressure is applied slowly through a capillary tube dipping in the
experimental
liquid.
CONCLUSION

Surface Tension is one of the most important physical property of a liquids. The X
ray diffraction studies of liquids show the presence of short range order, long range
disorder
and holes in the packing of molecules.
The structure of liquid is depends upon
somewhat on the geometry and
intermolecular forces of the molecules.
THANK
YOU

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