Propositional

LOGIC
Week 6: Key Concepts of
Propositional Logic
 LEARNING COMPETENCIES

At the end of this session, the students are able to:

1.illustrate and symbolizes propositions;
2.distinguishes between simple and compound propositions;
and
3.performs the different types of operations on propositions.
 01
LOGIC
What Logic Is
Logic is the study of the
methods and principles
used to distinguish correct
from incorrect reasoning
(Copi, 2005).
 Proposition
Propositions are the material of
reasoning (Copi, 2005). It is a
declarative sentence that is either
true or false but not both.

When the proposition is true, we

write T. Otherwise, it is false and
we write F.
 Proposition
We take proposition and statement as equal. Statement can either be
in simple or compound.

A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea while

compound sentence conveys two or more ideas.
 Exercise 1
Determine whether each of the following statements is a proposition or not. If
proposition, give its truth value.
 a.The capital of Philippines is Manila.
b. How many primes are there?
c. Philippines is in China.
d. Why are you here?
e. My seatmate is beautiful (handsome).
f. Welcome to the Philippines!
g. The sum of two even numbers is odd.
h. I am lying.
i. It is not true that is not irrational.
j. Participate in class discussion.
 Exercise 2
Determine whether the proposition or statement is simple or compound. If it is
compound, identify the primitive components
 
a. Julius is a Math and Science major.
b. My college years were exciting and it was a roller coaster ride.
c. Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
d. If you study hard, then you will get good grade.
e. It is not the case that is a rational number.
Types of Compound Proposition
● CONJUCTION is a proposition formed by combining two propositions (called
conjuncts) with the word and.
● DISJUNCTION is a proposition formed by combining two propositions (called
disjuncts) with the word or
● IMPLICATION is a proposition that claims a given proposition (called the antecedent)
entails another proposition (called the consequent). Implications are also known as
conditional propositions.
● BICONDITIONAL proposition is a conjunction of two implications formed by
exchanging their antecedents and consequents.
 Logic Connectors
Statement Connective Symbolic Type of Statement
Not p Not, it is not the case, it Negation
is false
p and q And, but, even though, Conjunction
although, however,
moreover, nevertheless,
yet, and while

p or q Or, either or, unless Disjunction

If p, then q If … then, Only if, if, Conditional
implies
p if and only if q If and only if Biconditional
Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Consider:
“If two sides of a triangle are congruent (p), then the angles
opposite them are congruent (q), and if two angles of a triangle are
congruent (q), then the sides opposite them are congruent (p).”

If two sides of a triangle are congruent (p), then the angles opposite
them are congruent (q), and if two angles of a triangle are congruent
(q), then the sides opposite them are congruent (p)
Exercise 3
Let p, q, and r be the propositions.
p: You have flu.
q: You miss the final examination.
r: You pass the course.

 1. ~p
2. ~q
3. ~r
Truth Table
PROPOSITION
p

F
Truth Table
●   tables can also be used to display various combination. For p and q,
Truth
there will be rows.
p q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Truth Table
●  
Suppose p, q, and r are propositions. Then the truth table involving the given
has rows
p q r
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
Truth Table
CONJUNCTION: p ^ q: ( p and q)

p q p^q
T T T
T F F
F T F p and q
F F F

It is true when p ^ q
are both true, else the
conjunction is false
Truth Table
DISCONJUNCTION: p V q: ( p or q)

p q pVq
T T T
T F T
F T T p or q
F F F

It is true unless both

components are false.
Truth Table
●  
CONDITIONAL: p q: ( If p, then q)

p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

To disprove conditional statement, we only need to find one counter-example.

Truth Table
●  
BICONDITIONAL: p q: ( p if and only if q, “p iff q” )

p q p q
T T T
T F F
F
F T
T F
F
F
F F
F T
T
example
1. Let p: Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
p ~p

T F

F T
example
2. Let p, q, and r be the following propositions.
p: Daniel has a date with Kath.
q: John is sleeping.
r: James is eating.
Consider the scenario that on Friday night, Daniel and John are studying for
logic exam. Meanwhile, James just tweeted a picture of himself eating crispy
pata and sisig. What is the truth of the proposition (~p) V ( q ^ r)?

p q r ~p q^r ~p V (q^r)
F F T T F T
example
3. Richard tweeted: “If I get promoted, then I will stop posting selfies on
Facebook.”

Scenario A: Richard got the promotion and promptly stopped posting selfies
on FB

Scenario B: Richard got promoted, but he realized that posting selfies has
become a habit he cannot break easily.

Scenario C: Richard stopped posting selfies, but he did not get the promotion.
example
Scenario A: Richard got the promotion and promptly stopped posting selfies
on FB.

p q pq
T T T

Scenario B: Richard got promoted, but he realized that posting selfies has

p q pq
T F F
example
Scenario C: Richard stopped posting selfies, but he did not get the promotion.

p q pq
F T T
example
4. “If two sides of a triangle are congruent (p), then the angles opposite them
are congruent (q), and if two angles of a triangle are congruent (q), then the
sides opposite them are congruent (p).”

p q pq
T T T
example
●  Suppose that Jane is a grade 11 student.
5.

p q pq
T T T

p q pq
T F F
Converse
●
●  The converse of a conditional statement P Q is Q P.
● It is formed by switching the hypothesis (antecedent) and
the conclusion (consequent)

Example:
If a whole number is divisible by 2, then it is even.
Converse: If a whole number is even, then it is divisible by 2.
Converse
1. If the two angles are complementary, then the sum of their
measures is 90.
2. If two angles have the same measure, then the two angles
are congruent.
3. If the two lines are perpendicular then they form right angles.
4. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then it is
a parallelogram.
5. If the bisector of an angle of a triangle is an altitude, then the
triangle is isosceles.
Modus Ponens (The Law of
Detachment)
●  
Pattern:
If p then q
p
therefore, q.

Ex (1) If is isosceles, then its base angles are equal.

Therefore, the base angles are equal.

Modus Ponens (The Law of
Detachment)
Pattern:
If p then q
p
therefore, q.

Ex (2) If you are an 18-year old Filipino citizen, then you can vote
Rey is an 18-year old Filipino citizen.
Therefore, Rey can vote.
Biconditional
If and only if
Conditional statement If p, then q p q

Converse If q, then p q p

Biconditional p iff q p q
Biconditional
Inverse and contrapositive
Conditional statement If p, then q p q

Inverse If not p, then not q ~p ~q

Contrapositive If not q, then not p ~q ~p

Biconditional
Inverse and contrapositive:
p: two angles form a linear pair
q: they are supplementary
Converse if two angles are supplementary, then they
form a linear pair. (false)
Inverse if two angles do not form a linear pair, then
they are not supplementary. (false)
Contrapositive if the two angles are not supplementary,
then they do not form a linear pair. (true)
Equivalence
●
The  proposition p and q that have the same truth values are
said to be logically equivalent and denoted by:
or

Note:
(i) Biconditional is referred to as the equivalence.
(ii) Converse and inverse are equivalent.
(iii) Conditional and contrapositive are equivalent.