EE-873: Fuzzy Control

Fuzzy Logic
and Fuzzy Sets
Dr. Sohail Iqbal

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Contents
• Introduction to Fuzzy Logic

• Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets

• Classical Sets Operations and Properties

• Fuzzy Sets Operations and Properties

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Introduction
Fuzzy Logic:
• Why?
• What?
• How?

• Who?
• Where?
• When?

5 Ws and 1 h 3
Fuzzy Logic: Why?
• We always focus on our limitations
• Boolean Logic is inherently limited to True/False
• Real life is much different:
• I am happy
• It is hot today
• Laundry in the washing machine is clean, now
• Fuzzy logic tries to describe real life in much
stronger way

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Fuzzy Logic: What?
• Fuzzy Logic quantifies every answer from ‘No’ (‘0’)
to ‘Yes’ (‘1’) in the range [0, 1]
• This results in better descriptions:
Statement Boolean Fuzzy

I am happy 1 0.90

It is hot today 0 0.40

Laundry is clean 1 0.55

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Fuzzy Logic: How?
• Fuzzy Logic is a many valued logic that extends the
concepts of conventional (crisp) sets

• In today lecture, we shall see the details of this

‘How’ part.

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Fuzzy Logic: Who? Where? When?

• Lotfi Zadeh (1921-2017), an Iranian electrical

engineer, introduced the term fuzzy logic in 1965

• https://www-liphy.ujf-grenoble.fr/pagesperso/bahram/biblio/Zadeh_FuzzySetTheory_1965.pdf

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Introduction by Lotfi Zadeh

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Bigger Picture of Fuzzy Control

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Fuzzy Control in my World 

• Modern automatic washing

machines use fuzzy controller
for cleaner clothes

• Sensor detects the dust

particle in the water using
reflected light

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Some Applications of Fuzzy Control

In aerospace:

• Altitude control of spacecraft

• Satellite altitude control
• Flow and mixture regulation in aircraft
deicing vehicles

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Applications: Automotive
• Trainable fuzzy systems for idle speed control

• Shift scheduling method for automatic transmission

• Intelligent highway systems

• Improving efficiency of automatic transmissions

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Applications: Electronics

• Control of automatic exposure in video cameras

• Humidity in a clean room

• Air conditioning systems

• Washing machine timing

• Microwave ovens

• Vacuum cleaners
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Classical Sets
and
Fuzzy Sets

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Crisp (Classical) Sets

• A classical set is defined as by crisp boundaries, that

is, there is no uncertainty in the prescription or
location of the boundaries of set.

• a is a member of crisp set A

• b is unambiguous member of
Set A
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Fuzzy Set
• A fuzzy set is prescribed by the vague or ambiguous
properties and its boundaries are ambiguously
specified.

• a is full member of set

• b is not a member of set

• c is ambiguous member of set

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Fuzzy Set

• Complete membership in a set is represented by 1.

• No-membership in a set is represented by 0.

• point c have some intermediate

value of membership between
[0,1]

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 Operations and
Properties for Classical
(Crisp) Sets

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Operations on Crisp Sets
Union
Intersection
Intersection
Complement
Complement
Difference
Difference

Union
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Operations on Crisp Sets
Union
Intersection
Intersection
Complement
Complement
Difference
Difference

Intersection 20
Operations on Crisp Sets
Union
Intersection
Intersection
Complement
Complement
Difference
Difference

Complement
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Operations on Crisp Sets
Union
Intersection
Intersection
Complement
Complement
Difference
Difference

Difference 22
Properties of Crisp Sets
Commutativity

Associativity
Associativity
Distributivity
Distributivity
Idempotency
Idempotency

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Properties of Crisp Sets

Identity

Transivitivity
Transivitivity
Involution
Involution

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Properties of Crisp Sets
• Excluded middle axiom
1. Axiom of excluded middle

2. Axiom of contradiction
• De Morgan’s Law

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Mapping of Classical
Sets to Function

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Mapping of Classical Sets to
Function
•  Mapping between set-theoretic form and function-
theoretic form
• Characteristics function is defined as:

where expresses “membership” in set A for the

element x in the universe.

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Fuzzy Set Operations
and Properties

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Fuzzy Set Notation
•  Notation convention for fuzzy set when the
universe of discourse X is discrete and finite

• Numerator is the membership value in a set

associated with the element in universe indicated in
the denominator.

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Fuzzy Set Operations
•  Union

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Fuzzy Set Operations
•  Intersection

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Fuzzy Set Operations
•  Complement

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Fuzzy Set Operations
•  De Morgan’s Law for Fuzzy Sets

• Excluded middle axiom do not hold for Fuzzy Sets

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Properties of Fuzzy Sets

• Classical Sets are considered as a special case of

Fuzzy Sets

• Hence, all the properties of fuzzy sets are identical

to classical set properties

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Numerical Example
• Consider a shaft:

• Ductile section D Axial view of shaft

• Brittle section B
• Downward Force P
• Torque T Cross-sectional view of shaft

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Numerical Example (contd.)
•  Fuzzy set to be the region in (P,T) space for which
material D is “safe”

• Fuzzy set to be the region in (P,T) space for which

material B is “safe”

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Numerical Example: Complement
• 

• and are the sets of loadings for which material D

and material B are unsafe, respectively.

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Numerical Example: Union
• 

• is the sets of loadings for which one expects that

either material B or material D will be “safe”.

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Numerical Example: Intersection
• 

• is the sets of loadings for which one expects that

both material B and material D will be “safe”.

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Numerical Example: Difference
• 

• is the sets of loadings for which ductile material

is safe but the brittle material is in jeopardy.
• is the sets of loadings for which brittle material
is safe but the ductile material is in jeopardy.

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Numerical Example: De
Morgan’s Principle
• 

• asserts that the loadings that are not safe with

respect to both materials are the union of those
that are unsafe with respect to the brittle material
with those that are unsafe with respect to the
ductile material.

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Alternative Fuzzy Set Operation
• Aggregation Operators
• Used to combine several in a single fuzzy set
• Fuzzy Intersection (t-norms)
• min operator applied to fuzzy sets produce largest
membership value of all t-norms
• Fuzzy Union (t-conorms)
• Max operator applied to fuzzy sets produce smallest
membership value of all t-conforms.
• Averaging Operation
• Ordered weighted averaging
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Features of Membership Function
• Fuzzy sets are described by the membership
function

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Various Forms
• Normal Forms : A normal fuzzy set is one whose
membership function has at least one element
x in the universe whose membership value is unity.

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Various Forms
• Convex Forms : A convex fuzzy set is described by a
membership function whose membership values
are strictly monotonically increasing, or decreasing

Note: Intersection of two convex set is also convex

set
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Membership Functions
• Inter-valued membership function (type-2 fuzzy
sets):
• Used when level of information is not adequate
to specify membership function with precision
• e.g. upper and lower bounds of membership
grades

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Membership Functions
• Height of a Fuzzy Set : It is the maximum vale of the
membership function.

• Membership function can be symmetrical or

asymmetrical for n-dimensional universes

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Recap
• Reason behind Fuzzy Logic and Applications

• Operations of Crisp and Fuzzy Sets

• Properties of Crisp and Fuzzy Sets

• Exception of Middle excluded axiom in Fuzzy Sets

• Fuzzy Membership functions

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 EE-873: Fuzzy Control

Any Questions/Ideas?

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 EE-873: Fuzzy Control

Thank You!

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