ADC INTERFACING

Topic to cover
Interface 8051 with the following Input / Output Devices
 Transducer/Sensors

 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)

 Digital-to-Analogue Conversion (DAC)

Transducer/sensors
Digital computer/microcontrollers use binary values, but in the
physical world most things is in analog nature (continuous).
Data (such as temperature, pressure, humidity, velocity,
voltage) are analog data.
A device called transducer is used to convert the physical
quantity to electrical signals (i.e. voltage, current).
Transducer are also referred to as sensors.
Sensors for temperature, velocity, pressure, light, and many
other natural quantities can produce an output voltage (or
current) which the value is proportional to the quantity being
measured.
Then an analog-to-digital converter is used to translate the
analog voltage to digital numbers so that microcontroller can
read and process them.
Temperature sensors (Thermistor)
Temperature can be converted to electrical signals by thermistor.
Thermistor is a kind of resistor responds to temperature change by
changing its resistance.
But its response is not linear, as seen in the Table 10.1 below.

Table 10.1
Temperature (C) Thermistor Resistance
(k)
0 29.490
25 10.000
50 3.893
75 1.700
100 0.817
Temperature sensors (LM34 and LM35)
LM34 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to Fahrenheit temperature.
LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to Celsius temperature.
They require no external calibration since it is internally calibrated.
Their output voltage changes 10mV for each degree of temperature change.

Table 10.2
Item Temperature Range Accuracy Output
LM34 -50 F to +300 F +3.0 F 10 mV/F
LM34C -40 F to +230 F +3.0 F 10 mV/F
LM35 -55 C to +150 C +1.5 C 10 mV/C
LM35C -40 C to +110 C +1.5 C 10 mV/C
LM35D 0 C to +100 C +2.0 C 10 mV/C
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC )
Need to have some means to convert them into digital signal so
that computers can handle
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a device which can convert
analogue voltage to digital numbers so that microcontrollers can
handle and process the data.
ADC are the most widely used devices for data acquisition
ADC has n-bit resolution, where n can be 8, 12, 16 or even 24 bits.
The higher-resolution ADC provides a smaller step size.
Step size is the smallest change that can be recognized by ADC.
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC )
An ADC has a resolution of 8 bits, the range is divided into 2^8=256 steps
(from 0 – 255). But there are 255 quantization levels.

Vcc
Step Size  n
2 1
Vcc is the reference voltage of ADC with n-bit resolution
Table 10.3 : Resolution versus Step Size for ADC (if Vcc =
5V)
n-bit Number of steps Step Size (mV)
8 2^8 = 256 5/255 = 19.61
10 2^10 = 1024 5/1023 = 4.89
12 2^12 = 4096 5/4095 = 1.22
16 2^16 = 65536 5/65535 = 0.076
ADC0804 Chip (Free Running Mode)
+5V
20
10k 6 Vin(+) 18
POT D0 Port of
7 Vin() 17
8 A GND
D1 8-bit uC
D2 16
9 15
Vref/2
D3 To
14
19 D4 LEDs
CLK R 13
D5
10k 4 D6 12
CLK in 11
150 pF ADC08 D7
1 04
CS
2
RD
WR 3
10 5 Normally
D GND INTR
open
START
Figure 10.1
ADC0804 Chip (Free Running Mode)
Continuous Conversions
(Extracted from Page 11
Of Spec sheet of ADC0804)

CS 1 20 VCC
RD 2 19 CLKR

WR 3 18 D0
CLK 4 17 D1
INTR 5 16 D2
VI+ 6 15 D3
VI- 7 14 D4
AGND 8 13 D5
VREF/2 9 12 D6
DGND 10 11 D7

Pin diagram ADC0804

(INTR tied to WR with. CS = 0 V)

ADC0804 Chip
CS
Active low input used to activate the ADC0804 chip.

RD (data enable)
Active low input used to get converted data out of the ADC0804 chip.
When CS = 0, if a high-to-low pulse is applied to the RD pin, the 8-bit
digital output shows up at the D0-D7 data pins.

WR (start conversion)
Active low input used to inform the ADC0804 to start the conversion
process. If CS = 0 when WR makes a low-to-high transition, the
ADC0804 starts converting the analog input value of Vin to an 8-bit
digital number. When the data conversion is complete, the INTR pin is
forced low by the ADC0804.
ADC0804 Chip
CLK IN and CLK R
Connect to external capacitor and resistor for self-clocking, f = 1/(1.1RC).
The clock affect the conversion time and this time cannot be faster than
110s.

INTR (end of conversion)

This is an active low output pin. When the conversion is finished, it goes
low to signal the CPU that the converted data is ready to be picked up.
After INTR goes low, we make CS = 0 and send a high-to-low pulse to the
RD pin to get the data out of the ADC0804 chip.

Vin (+) and Vin ()

These are the differential analog inputs where Vin = Vin (+)  Vin ().
Often the Vin () pin is connected to ground and the Vin (+) pin is used as
the analog input to be converted to digital.
 VREF
2
ADC0804 Chip V
step size  8 2  REF
2 1 255
VCC
This is the +5V power supply. It is also used as a reference voltage
when the Vref/2 (pin 9) input is open.

Vref/2
Input voltage pin used for the reference voltage. If this pin is open, the
analog input voltage for the the ADC is ranged from 0 to 5 volts.

Vref/2 (V) Vin (V) Step Size (mV)

Not connected 0 to 5 5/255 = 19.60
ADC0804 has
resolution of 2.0 0 to 4 4/255 = 15.69
8 bits 1.5 0 to 3 3/255 = 11.76
1.28 0 to 2.56 2.56/255 = 10.04
1.0 0 to 2 2/255 = 7.84
0.5 0 to 1 1/255 = 3.92
Pin Vref/2 is open, Step size =19.6mV
ADC0804 Chip
D0 – D7
D0 – D7 are the digital data output pins. These are the tri-state
buffered and the converted data is accessed only when CS = 0
and RD is forced low. The output voltage:

Vin
Dout 
Step size

Analog Ground and Digital Ground

Analog ground is connected to the ground of the analog signal
while digital ground is connected to the ground of the Vcc pin.
Question: An analog input voltage of 3.5V, Pin Vref/2 is open.
Solution:
Dout = 3.5V / 19.6mV = 178 or 179 (depends on accuracy of ADC)
Signal control on ADC0804

1. Make CS = 0 and send a L-to-H pulse to pin WR to start the

conversion.
2. Keep monitoring the INTR pin. If INTR is low, the conversion is
finished and we can go to the next step. If INTR is high, keep
polling until it goes low.
3. After the INTR has become low, we make CS = 0 and send a H-
to-L pulse to the RD pin to get the data out of the ADC0804 IC
chip.
The timing diagram of ADC0804
CS

WR

D0 – D7 Data out

INTR
Start conversion End conversion
RD

Figure 10.2
Read it
Note: CS is set to low for both RD and WR pulses
Testing the ADC0804

8051 ADC0804 +5V

P2.5 RD VCC
P2.6 WR CLK R
CLK IN
P1.0 D0
: 10k
Vin(+)
: POT
Vin()
:
:
A GND
: Vref/2
P1.7 D7 D GND

P2.7 INTR CS
Example 10-1
Write a program to monitor the INTR pin and bring the digital input value into register A.
Then call a subroutine to display the input value on a 7-segment display. Do this
continuously.

;P2.6 = WR (Start conversion needs a L-to-H pulse)

; P2.7 = INTR (When low, end-of-conversion)
; P2.5 = RD (H-to-L will read the data from ADC chip)
; P1.0 – P1.7 = D0 – D7 of the ADC0804
;
MOV P1, #0FFH ; make P1=input
BACK: CLR P2.6 ; WR=0
SETB P2.6 ; WR=1 L-to-H to start conversion
HERE: JB P2.7, HERE ; wait for end of conversion
CLR P2.5 ; conversion finished, enable RD
MOV A, P1 ; read the data
ACALL DATA_DISPLAY ; display the data
SETB P2.5 ; make RD=1 for next round
SJMP BACK
Referred to Example 10.1, the digital values output from the ADC0804
correspond to the analogue voltage inputs. It is calculated by:

V 5 5 Vin
Step Size  n cc Step Size  8   0.019608 V Dout 
2 1 2  1 255 Step size

Analogue input voltage Digital Value Output

Vin (V) Dout
0 0/0.019608 = 0
0.5 0.5/0.019608 = 26
1.0 1.0/0.019608 = 51
1.5 1.5/0.019608 = 77
2.0 2.0/0.019608 = 102
5.0 5.0/0.019608 = 255
Example of ADC Application
Temperature detection
A temperature sensor (LM34 or LM35) is interfaced to the 8051
via an ADC (ADC0804)
The output voltage from the LM34/LM35 is linearly proportional
to the measuring temperature
The ADC0804 converts the output voltages from the
LM34/LM35 into digital signals, which correspond to the
measured temperature.
They are then handled by the 8051
Interfacing with the LM35 (Temperature Sensor)

8051 ADC0804 +5V

XTAL1 P2.5 RD VCC

P2.6 WR CLK R
CLK IN
XTAL2
P1.0 D0 LM35
D Q
Vin(+)
Vin()
Q
Q
A GND
Vref/2
P1.7 D7 D GND
D Q
P2.7 INTR Set to
Q CS 1.28V
Clock freq  4
Example ADC Application
 The ADC0804 converts the output voltages from the LM35 into
digital signals, which correspond to the measured temperature.
 Step size of the ADC0804 = (1.28)x(2)/255 = 0.01004V
 Clock input to the ADC0804 = clock frequency  4
 If the following data of LM35 are given
 the temperature range of the temperature sensor LM35 is
-55C to 150C and its output scale is 10mV/C, and
 the output value of the ADC0804 is 00H when the LM35
senses -55C
then the value output from the ADC0804 for a measuring
temperature 100 C is:

Vin (100  ( 55)) x.01

Dout  Dout   154.38  155 or 9 BH
Step size 0.01004
 ADC 0808/0809
CHIP WITH 8 ANALOG CHANNEL
 ADC 0804 has one input, this chip has 8 inputs.
 A,B,C addresses to select IN0-IN7 and activate ALE to
latch in the address
 SC to start conversion
 SC is same as WR
 EOC – end of conversion
 EOC is same as INTR
 OE – output enable(READ)
 OE is same as RD
ADC0808/0809
ANALOG CHANNEL SELECTION
Selected Analog Channel C B A

IN0 0 0 0
IN1 0 0 1
IN2 0 1 0
IN3 0 1 1
IN4 1 0 0
IN5 1 0 1
IN6 1 1 0
IN7 1 1 1
ALGORITHM
 Select an analog channel by provide bits to A, B, C.
 NOTE : there is no self-clocking and clock must be provided from
an external source to the CLK pin. Hence Enable clock
 Activate ALE (address latch enable) with a low-to-high pulse.
 Activate SC (start conversion) with a high-to-low pulse The
conversion is begun on the falling edge of the start conversion
pulse.
 Monitor EOC (end of conversion) Pin .After conversion this
pin goes high.
 Activate OE (output enable) with a low-to-high pulse to read
data out of the ADC chip.
SELECTING A CHANNEL AND READ TIMING
PROGRAM
Digital-to-Analog (DAC) Conversion
The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is a device widely used to convert
digital values to analog signals.
It does the reverse operation of an ADC
The resolution of DAC depends on the no. of binary bits input to it.
The common ones are 8, 10 and 12 bits.
An 8-input DAC provides 256 discrete voltages (or current) levels of output.
(The 12-bit DAC gives 4096 discrete levels).

D0
Analog output
Digital (Voltage or current)
inputs DAC

D7 Figure 10.5
DAC0808 Chip (MC1408)
+5V Vref (e.g +5V)

VCC Rref1
P2.5
P2.6 Vin(+) Iref = Vref/(Rref1+Rref2)
= 2mA (Typical)
Iref Rref 2
P1.0 D0 Vin() R0

DAC0808 Iout
8051  To Scope
Comp. + Vout = 0 to 10V

P1.7 D7 Vee
 15V
GND

Figure 10.6
DAC0808 Chip (MC1408)
Operating Principle
• In the DAC0808, the digital inputs are converted to corresponding current (I out).
• Then by connecting a resistor to the Iout pin, the current will further convert to
voltage level.
• The total current provided by the output Iout pin is a function of the reference
current (Iref) and is follows:

 D7 D6 D5 D 4 D3 D2 D1 D0 
I out  I ref         
 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 
Converting Iout to voltage (Vout)
Connect the output pin Iout to a output standard resistor and hence convert
this current to a voltage.
Output voltage, Vout = Iout x Ro
Example
Assume that Ro = 5k, Rref1 = 1k , Rref2 = 1.5k  and using a standard 5V
supply connected to Vref(+), calculate Vout for the following binary inputs.
(a) 1001 1001 (99H) (b) 1100 1000 (C8H)

Solution: 5
I ref   2mA
1000  1500
(a) 99H = 15310 153
I out  ( 2mA)  1.195mA
256
Vout  (1.195mA)(5000k)  5.975V

(b) C8H = 20010 200

I out  ( 2mA)  1.562mA
256
Vout  (1.562mA)(5000k)  7.8125V
Example
In order to generate a star-step ramp, set up the circuit as in Figure
10.6 and connect the output to an oscilloscope. Then write a program
to send data to the DAC at port 1 to generate a stair-step ramp.

Solution:

ORG 0H
CLR A
AGAIN: MOV P1, A ; send data to DAC
INC A ; count from 0 to FFH
ACALL DELAY ; let DAC work and recover
SJMP AGAIN
END
Example
Use the circuit in Figure 10.6, write a program to generate a sine wave
of full-scale 10V output. If the output is connected to a CRO, draw the
display on the CRO screen.

Solution:
Assume 10V full-scale voltage for the DAC output.
Vout = [5 + (5 sin )] V

A table is drawn up to list the magnitude of the sine of angles between 0 and
360 degrees. The table values are integer numbers representing the voltage
magnitude for the sine .

Table 10.5 gives the angles, the sine values, the voltage magnitudes and the
integer values representing the voltage magnitude for each angle (with 30
interval).
 Vout x 256/10

Table : Angle vs Voltage Magnitude for Sine Wave

Angle  (degree) Sine  Vout Voltage Values
5V + (5sin  ) sent to DAC
0 0 5 128
30 0.5 7.5 192
60 0.866 9.33 238
90 1.0 10 255
120 0.866 9.33 238
150 0.5 7.5 192
180 0 5 128
210  0.5 2.5 64
240  0.866 0.669 17
270  1.0 0 0
300  0.866 0.669 17
330  0.5 2.5 64
360 0 5 128

256 steps and full scale Vout is 10 volts 9.33*256/10

Program Generating a Sine Wave

ORG 0H
AGAIN: MOV DPTR, #TABLE
MOV R2, #COUNT
BACK: CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
MOV P1,A
INC DPTR
DJNZ R2, BACK
SJMP AGAIN
;
ORG 300
TABLE: DB 128, 192, 238, 255, 238, 192
DB 128, 64, 17, 0, 17, 64, 128
;
; To get a better looking sine wave, regenerate the look-up table for 2-degree angles
END
 Display on the Generating Sine Wave on CRO

D7..D0 V / Volts

FFh
10
9 V = 5 + 5 * sin 
8
7
6
80h 5
4
3
2
1  /Degrees
0
30 90 150 210 270 330
 Review Questions
1. In the ADC0804, the INTR signal is an _____ (input, output)
2. In the ADC0804, to begin conversion, send a(n) ______ pulse to pin _____ .
3. Which pin of the ADC0804 indicates end-of-conversion?
4. In a ADC, input is ________ (digital, analog) and output is _______ (digital, analog).
5. Find the step size for an ADC0804 chip if Vref/2 =1.9V .
6. With Vref/2 =0.64V, find the Vin for the D7 –D0 = 1001 1001 output.
7. In a DAC, input is ________ (digital, analog) and output is _______ (digital, analog).
8. DAC0808 is a9n) ___-bit D-to-A converter.
9. The output of DAC0808 is in _________ (current, voltage).
10. Find the Iout for the digital input 1110 1110 to DAC0808. Assume Iref = 2mA.
11. To get a smaller step, we need a DAC with _____ (more, fewer) digital inputs.
12. The LM35 provides ____mV for each degree of _______ (Fahrenheit, Celsius).