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Mobile Phone Cellular Network

Mobile phone networks operate by dividing geographic areas into hexagonal cells served by base transceiver stations (BTS). Each BTS handles radio communications with mobile phones in its cell. Multiple BTSs are connected to a base station controller (BSC) that manages radio resources and handovers between cells. The BSC connects to a mobile switching center (MSC) that routes calls and interfaces with other networks. User data and location information are stored in home and visitor location registers (HLR and VLR). Interference between cells and signal fading due to multipath propagation can degrade call quality.

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Devi Varra Prasad Tirunagari
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67 views

Mobile Phone Cellular Network

Mobile phone networks operate by dividing geographic areas into hexagonal cells served by base transceiver stations (BTS). Each BTS handles radio communications with mobile phones in its cell. Multiple BTSs are connected to a base station controller (BSC) that manages radio resources and handovers between cells. The BSC connects to a mobile switching center (MSC) that routes calls and interfaces with other networks. User data and location information are stored in home and visitor location registers (HLR and VLR). Interference between cells and signal fading due to multipath propagation can degrade call quality.

Uploaded by

Devi Varra Prasad Tirunagari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MOBILE PHONE

CELLULAR NETWORK
Mobile Phone Cellular Network
• A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the last link is
wireless. The network is distributed over land areas called "cells", each served by at least
one fixed-location transceiver, but more normally, three cell sites or base transceiver
stations.
• To really understand the way a cell phone works, Since after world war II radio technology itself
was only in the building phase, only about 25 channels were available for private use. So basically
only 25 people could be talking on their radio-phones at the same time.
• The solution to this problem was to divide each city into small divisions, or "cells". And now cell
phones are made to be low-power transmitters (either 0.3 watts or 6 watts), which is much lower
wattage than in past decades. This means that the same frequency can be used in the same city, at
the same time, but in different cells.
• The entire geographical region under mobile phone network is divided into HEXAGONAL cellsites
, services and connected to each other by collection of transceivers, controllers, switches, routers,
and registers. Some of the main components and how it works is provided below :
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) – It is actually the antenna that
you see installed on top of the tower. The BTS is the Mobile
Phone’s access point to the network. It is responsible for
carrying out radio communications between the network and
the Mobile Phone. It handles speech encoding, encryption,
multiplexing (TDMA), and modulation/demodulation of the
radio signals. A BTS is assigned a Cell Identity. The cell
identity denotes a particular Location Area, which provides
details of the cell which the BTS is covering.

What is a Cell – A base station (transmitter) having a number


of RF channels is called a cell. Each cell covers a limited
number of mobile subscribers within the cell boundaries
(Coverage area). Approximately a Cell Radius is 30 Km , (Start
up), 1 KM (Mature) . Capacity within cell limited by available
bandwidth and operational requirements. Each network
operator has to size cells to handle expected traffic demand

Base Station Controller (BSC) – The BSC controls multiple


BTSs. It handles allocation of radio channels, frequency
administration, power and signal measurements from the MS,
and handovers from one BTS to another (if both BTSs are
controlled by the same BSC). A BSC may be collocated with a
BTS or it may be geographically separate. It may even be
collocated with the Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Mobile Switching Centre
• A mobile switching centre (MSC) is a network
switching subsystem of a cellular phone system. It
is also called mobile telephone switching office
(MTSO). All base stations are connected to an
MSC.
• The functions of MSC are −
• Call set-up and release.
• Routing of calls and messages sent via SMS.
• Managing conference calls and calls on hold.
• Fax services.
• Billing
• Interfacing with other networks like public switched
telephone network (PSTN) and Internet.
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• The HLR is a database used for storage and management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important
database, as it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location information,
and activity status. When an individual buys a subscription in the form of SIM, then all the information about this
subscription is registered in the HLR of that operator.
•
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to
service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC
area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station
makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.
• Authentication Center (AUC)
• The Authentication Center is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber's SIM
card, which is used for authentication and ciphering of the radio channel. The AUC protects network operators from
different types of fraud found in today's cellular world.
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
• The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network,
where its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) identifies each MS. An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been
reported stolen or is not type approved.
Signal interference and distortion
• Interference occurs when unwanted radio
frequency signals disrupt the use of your
communication. Interference may prevent reception
altogether, may cause only a temporary loss of a signal, or
may affect the quality of the sound or picture produced by
your equipment.
• The common types of interference in cellular networks are:
co-channel interference (CCI) and adjacent
channel interference (ACI).
• Adjacent channel interference occurs in a
radio channel when unwanted energy from channels
adjacent to it falls into its desired bandwidth. In
a mobile radio environment, the desired signal and
the interference signal usually experience path loss and fading
when they travel from the transmitter to the receiver.
• Co-channel interference takes place when two access points
within a network are on the same channel, causing
interference that weakens the signal and thus provides
problems to the end-user experience on the network.
Multipath signal
• Signal Fading : Fading is often modeled as a random process. In
wireless systems, fading may either be due to 
multipath propagation, referred to as multipath-induced fading,
weather (particularly rain), or shadowing from obstacles
affecting the wave propagation, sometimes referred to
as shadow fading.
• Multipath Fading Signal attenuation and distortion due
to multipath propagation. Wireless radio or optical signals
bounce off of physical obstructions they encounter between a
transmitter and a receiver. Signals that travel different paths but
arrive at approximately the same time can cancel each other.
• MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is
an antenna technology for wireless communications in which
multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter)
and the destination (receiver). The antennas at each end of
the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors
and optimize data speed. MIMO tends to reduce signal
fading.

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