Digital Logic Design

Introduction to Digital Logic

Lecture # 1

Chapter 1 1
Course Objectives

Understand theory of operation for most of digital electronic devices.

Analyzing how can a digital computer perform the complex operations

based on simply manipulating bits (zeros and ones).

Design of digital logic systems.

Chapter 1 2
Importance of Digital Logic

Chapter 1 3
Applications of Logic design

Chapter 1 4
Classification of Signals
• They are classify into two categories:
Analog Signal:
• They have infinite number of different magnitudes or values.
• They varies continuously with time.

Digital Signal:
• A signal is known as digitized if it has finite number of
magnitudes.

Chapter 1 5
Analog Signals

• An analog signal is any variable signal continuous in both

time and amplitude. e.g. Sound

 They have infinite number of values

 They are continuous in nature
 Source of signals can be signal generator
 Sine wave is an example

Chapter 1 6
Digital Signals

• Digital describes any system based on discontinuous data

or events.
• Computers are digital machines because at their most basic
level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1,
or off and on.
• Number of values can be finite (2,8,16)
• Nature of signals are discrete
• Binary signal is an example

Chapter 1 7
Drawback of Analog System

1. Less accurate
2. Less reliable
3. Memory/Storage is an issue
4. Performance changes as temperature varies
5. Distortion and noise

Chapter 1 8
Advantages of Digital System

• It manipulates discrete element of information such as

decimal digits or alphabets.
• Signal in digital system represented by a binary digit called a
bit.
• Discrete elements of information are represented by a group
of bits called Binary Codes.
• They are reliable, flexible, programmable and updating
technology.

Chapter 1 9
Logic Gates

• Digital Logic Gates are the basic unit to build any digital
circuit.
• It operates on a number of binary inputs to perform a logical
function.
• There are different types of gates available ,e.g
AND,OR,NOT,NAND,EX-OR,NOR

Chapter 1 10
Binary Logic

• Logic is defined as a statement which is true ,if some

condition is satisfied or vice versa.
• Binary logic has two levels :
High (1)
Low (0)

Chapter 1 11
Introduction to Number System

• Number system is basis for counting various items.

• Modern computer operated in binary number
system.
• Decimal, Octal, Hexa, BCD represents more bits in
a binary numbers in a compressed form.
• Base/Radix of the number systems are 2,8,10,16

Chapter 1 12
Number System - Bases

Name Radix Digits

Binary 2 0,1

Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

Chapter 1 13
 Number Systems – Decimal & Binary
General Decimal Binary
Radix (Base) r 10 2
Digits 0 => r - 1 0 => 9 0 => 1
0 r0 1 1
1 r1 10 2
2 r2 100 4
3 r3 1000 8
Powers of 4 r4 10,000 16
r5 100,000 32
Radix 5 r -1 0.1 0.5
-1 r -2 0.01 0.25
-2 r -3 0.001 0.125
-3 r -4 0.0001 0.0625
-4 r -5 0.00001 0.03125
-5

Chapter 1 14
 Table of Power 2
n 2n n 2n n 2n
0 1 7 128 14 16,384

1 2 8 256 15 32,768

2 4 9 512 16 65,536

3 8 10 1024 17 131,072

4 16 11 2,048 18 262,144
5 32 12 4,096 19 524,288

6 64 13 8,192 20 1,048,576

Chapter 1 15
 NUMBER SYSTEMS – Representation
Decimal Number System :
• a base or radix 10
• a coefficient are multiplied by power 10

• A decimal number is represented by the string of coefficients:

An - 1An - 2 … A1A0 . A- 1 A- 2 … A- m + 1 A- m
. is the radix point.
• Coefficient Ai is one of 10 digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)

• The string of digits represents the power series:

• An – 1 is referred to as the most significant digit (msd)
• A- m is referred to as the least significant digit (lsd)
Chapter 1 16
Decimal To Binary
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
  𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

n 2n
0 1

1 2

2 4

3 8

Chapter 1 17
Octal No

Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

Chapter 1 18
 Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Hexa Decimal

No

Chapter 1 19
Conversion of Decimal into Binary

Chapter 1 20
Conversion of Octal into Binary

Chapter 1 21
Chapter 1 22
Conversion of Hexa into Binary

Chapter 1 23
Chapter 1 24
Questions
• Convert the following into binary number systems:

(42)10 =(101010)2

(13)8 = (001011)2

(140)8 = (001100000)2

(7526)8 = (111101010110)2

(10A4)16 = (0001000010100100)2

(CF8E)16 = (1100111110001110)2 Chapter 1 25

Conversion of Binary into Decimal

Chapter 1 26
Binary/ Octal/ Hexa to Decimal

Chapter 1 27
Conversions:

Chapter 1 28
Example

To convert the base-5 number into decimals:

(312.4)5 =3x52+ 1x51 + 2x50+ 4x5-1

= 75 +5+2+0.8
= ( 82.8)10

Chapter 1 29
Question

Convert the following base 2 numbers into decimals

(110101.11)2

Hint

= 32 +16+4+1+0.5+0.25
=(53.75)10

Chapter 1 30
Octal (Hexadecimal) to Binary Number
Systems:

• Restate the octal (hexadecimal) as three (four) binary digits

starting at the radix point and going both ways.

• Octal – 3 digits
• Hexadecimal – 4digits

Chapter 1 31
Binary Number System into Octal Number
System

Chapter 1 32
Binary numbers to Hexadecimal number
systems

Chapter 1 33
Hexa Decimal to Octal Conversion

Chapter 1 34
Octal to Hexa Decimal Conversion

Chapter 1 35