E.

Mohan Reddy
04/27/12
18951A0581 1
CSE-D
INTRODUCTION
 Fuzzy logic has rapidly become one of the most
successful of today's technologies for developing
sophisticated control systems. The reason for which is
very simple.
 Fuzzy logic addresses such applications perfectly as it
resembles human decision making with an ability to
generate precise solutions from certain or approximate
information.
 It fills an important gap in engineering design
methods left vacant by purely mathematical
approaches (e.g. linear control design), and purely
logic-based approaches (e.g. expert systems) in
system design. 04/27/12 2
 While other approaches require accurate equations to
model real-world behaviors, fuzzy design can
accommodate the ambiguities of real-world human
language and logic.
 It provides both an intuitive method for describing
systems in human terms and automates the
conversion of those system specifications into
effective models.

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CHRONICLE:-
 Lotfi A. Zadeh, a professor of UC Berkeley in
California, soon to be known as the founder of fuzzy
logic observed that conventional computer logic was
incapable of manipulating data representing subjective or
vague human ideas such as "an atractive person" .
 Fuzzy logic, hence was designed to allow computers
to determine the distinctions among data with shades of
 gray, similar to the process of human reasoning.
This theory proposed making the membership
function (or the values False and True) operate over the
range of real numbers [0.0, 1.0]. Fuzzy logic was04/27/12
now
4
introduced to the world.
t do you mean by fuzz
y
 Fuzzy logic is a superset of Boolean logic that has been
extended to handle the concept of partial truth- truth
values between "completely true" and "completely false".
The essential characteristics of fuzzy logicare as
follows:-
 In fuzzy logic, exact reasoning is viewed as a limiting
case of approximate reasoning.
 In fuzzy logic everything is a matter of degree.
 Any logical system can be fuzzified
 In fuzzy logic, knowledge is interpreted as a collection of
elastic or, equivalently , fuzzy constraint on a collection of
variables
 The third statement hence, define Boolean logic as a

s u2bset of Fuzzy logic.

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Fuzzy S ets

 A paradigm is a set of rules and regulations which

defines boundaries and tells us what to do to be
successful in solving problems within these
boundaries.
 For example the use of transistors instead of
vacuum
tubes is a paradigm shift - likewise the development
of
Fuzzy Set Theory from conventional bivalent set
theory is a paradigm shift.
 Bivalent Set Theory can be somewhat limiting if04/27/12
we 6

wish to describe a 'humanistic' problem

mathematically.
Fig. below illustrates bivalent sets to
characterise the temperature of a room.

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F u z z y S e t O p e r a t io n s .

 U n io n
 The membership function of the Union of two fuzzy sets A and
B with membership functions and
respectively is defined as the maximum of the two individual
membership functions. This is called the maximum
criterion.

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 What does it offer ?
 The first applications of fuzzy theory were primarily
industrial, such as process control for cement kilns.
 Since then, the applications of Fuzzy Logic technology have
virtually exploded, affecting things we use
• everyday.
•Take for example, the fuzzy washing machine .
 A load of clothes in it and press start, and the
•machine begins to churn, automatically choosing the
•best cycle. The fuzzy microwave, Place chili,
•potatoes, or etc in a fuzzy microwave and push single
button, and it cooks for the right time at the proper
temperature.
 The fuzzy car, maneuvers itself by following simple
• it self
1
verbal instructions
when there is anfrom its driver.
obstacle It can even
immediately stop
ahead 9

using sensors.
How do fuzzy s etsdiff
er from c la s s i c a l
sets?
 In classical set theory we assume that all sets rare well-
defined (or crisp), that is given any object in our universe
we can always say that object either is or is not the
member of a particular set.
 CLASSICAL SETS
 The set of people that can run a mile in 4 minutes or less.
The set of children under age seven that weigh more than
 1oo pounds.
FUZZY SETS
 The set of fast runners.
 The set of overweight children.

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 EQUALIT Y OF FUZZY SETS : -
 Let A={ Mohan/.2;Sohan/1;John/7;Abrahm/4}

 B= {Abrahm/4;Mohan/.2;John/7;Sohan/1}

 However, if
 C={Abrahm/2;Mohan/.4;Sohan/1;John}

 A = B and A ≠ C

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 FUZZY CONTROL : -
 Fuzzy control, which directly uses fuzzy rules is the
most important application in fuzzy theory.
 Using a procedure originated by Ebrahim Mamdani in
the late 70s, three steps are taken to create a fuzzy
controlled machine:
 1)Fuzzification(Using membership functions to
graphically describe a situation)

2) Rule evaluation(Application of fuzzy rules)

3) Defuzzification(Obtaining the crisp or actual
results)
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WHY FUZZY CONTROL ?
 Fuzzy Logic is a technique to embody human like
thinking into a control system.
 A fuzzy controller is designed to emulate human
deductive thinking, that is, the process people use to infer
conclusions from what they know.
 Traditional control approach requires formal modeling of
the physical reality.

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 Af u z z y c o n t r o l s y s t e m can also be
described as based on fuzzy logic—a mathematical
system that analyzes analog input values in terms of
logical variables that take on continuous values between 0
and 1, in contrast to classical or digital logic, which
operates on discrete values of either 1 or 0 (true or false
respectively).

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 Fuzzy logic is widely used in machine control.

 The term itself inspires a certain skepticism, sounding

equivalent to "half-baked logic" or "bogus logic", but the
"fuzzy" part does not refer to a lack of rigour in the
method, rather to the fact that the logic involved can deal
with fuzzy concepts—concepts that cannot be expressed as
"true" or "false" but rather as "partially true".

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 Although genetic algorithms and neural networks can
perform just as well as fuzzy logic in many cases,
 fuzzy logic has the advantage that the solution to the
problem can be cast in terms that human operators can
understand,
 so that their experience can be used in the design of
the controller. This makes it easier to mechanize tasks that
are already successfully performed by humans.

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 LI TTLE M ORE ON FUZZY
CONTROL :-
 Fuzzy controllers are very simple conceptually.
They consist of an input stage, a processing
stage, and an output stage.
 The input stage maps sensor or other inputs, such
as switches, thumbwheels, and so on, to the
appropriate membership functions and truth
values.
 The processing stage invokes each
appropriate rule and generates a result for each,
then combines the results of the rules. Finally,
the output stage converts the combined result
back into a specific control output value. 04/27/12 17
 How far can fuzzy logic go ?
 It can appear almost anyplace where computers and
modern control theory are overly precise as well as in
tasks requiring delicate human intuition and experience-
based knowledge. What does the future
hold?
 Computers that understand and respond to normal
human language.
Machines that write interesting novels and
screenplays in a selected style , such as
Hemingway's.
 Molecule-sized soldiers of health that will roam the
blood-stream, killing cancer cells and slowing the
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a g ing process.
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 Hence, it can be seen that with the enormous research
currently being done in Japan and many other countries
whose eyes have opened, the future of fuzzy logic is
undetermined. There is no limit to where it can go.
The future is bright. The future is fuzzy.

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