DBMS

What Is DBMS?

Data is one of the most important assets of a company.

It is very important to make sure data is stored and
maintained accurately and quickly. DBMS (Database
Management System) is a system that is used to store
and manage data.

Collection of interrelated data

 Set of programs to access the data
 DBMS contains information about a particular
enterprise
 DBMS provides an environment that is both
convenient and efficient to use
A DBMS is a set of programs that is used to store and
manipulate data.
Manipulation of data include the following:
 Adding new data, for example adding details of new
student.
 Deleting unwanted data, for example deleting the
details of students who have completed course.
 Changing existing data, for example modifying the
fee paid by the student.
Examples
My sql
Microsoft sql
Microsoft Access
dBase
Filemaker pro
Database managements systems like Oracle, DB2 are
more powerful and meant for bigger companies.
Whereas, database management systems like MS-
Access are meant for small companies. So one has to
choose the DBMS depending upon the requirement.
Purpose of Database Systems
Database management systems were developed to handle
the following difficulties of typical file-processing
systems supported by conventional operating systems.
 Data redundancy and inconsistency
 Difficulty in accessing data
 Data isolation – multiple files and formats
 Integrity problems
 Atomicity of updates
Concurrent access by multiple users
 Security problems
Advantages of DBMS
Improved data sharing.
The DBMS helps create an environment in which end users
have better access to more and better-managed data. Such access
makes it possible for end users to respond quickly to changes in
their environment.
Improved data security.
The more users access the data, the greater the risks of data
security breaches. Corporations invest considerable amounts of
time, effort, and money to ensure that corporate data are used
properly. A DBMS provides a framework for better enforcement
of data privacy and security policies.
Better data integration  
Wider access to well-managed data promotes an integrated view of
the organization’s operations and a clearer view of the big picture.
It becomes much easier to see how actions in one segment of the
company affect other segments
Minimized data inconsistency.
Data inconsistency exists when different versions of the same data
appear in different places. For example, data inconsistency exists
when a company’s sales department stores a sales representative’s
name as “Bill Brown” and the company’s personnel department
stores that same person’s name as “William G. Brown
.
Improved data access. The DBMS makes it possible to produce
quick answers to ad hoc queries. From a database perspective, a
query is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation
—for example, to read or update the data.
Improved decision making. Better-managed data and improved
data access make it possible to generate better-quality information,
on which better decisions are based.
Increased end-user productivity. The availability of data, combined
with the tools that transform data into usable information, empowers
end users to make quick, informed decisions that can make the
difference between success and failure in the global economy.
 1) Improve data sharing
2) Improve data
security
3) Improved data
access

ADVANTAGE 4) Improved decision

making

S 5) Increased end user

productivity
6) Better data
integration
7) Minimized data
inconsistency
Disadvantages
1) Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-
consuming to design
2) Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
3) Damage to database affects virtually all applications
programs
4) Extensive conversion costs in moving from a file-
based system to a database system
5) Initial training required for all programmers and
users
Various components in DBMS
1.Data
2.User
3.Procedure
4.Hardware
5.Software
Database Users
Database Administrator
Database Designers
End-users
System Administrator
Security Officers
Network Administrators
Features of DBMS
Support for large amount of data
Data concurrency and locking
Data Security
Data Integrity
Fault tolerance and recovery
Support for Languages
Features of DBMS
Apart from these features different database
management systems may offer different features. For
instance, Oracle is increasingly being fine-tuned to be
the database for Internet applications. This may not be
found in other database management systems.

Each DBMS has its own way of implementing it. A

DBMS may have more features and may also enhance
these features.
Support for large amount of data
Each DBMS is designed to support large amount of
data. They provide special ways and means to store
and manipulate large amount of data. Companies are
trying to store more and more amount of data. Some of
this data will have to be online
In most of the cases the amount of data that can be
stored is not actually constrained by DBMS and
instead constrained by the availability of the hardware.
For example, Oracle can store terabytes of data.
Data concurrency and locking
DBMS also allows data to be shared by two or more
users. The same data can be accessed by multiple users at
the same time – data concurrency. However when same
data is being manipulated at the same time by multiple
users certain problems arise. To avoid these problems,
DBMS locks data that is being manipulated to avoid two
users from modifying the same data at the same time.
The locking mechanism is transparent and automatic.
Neither we have to inform to DBMS about locking nor
we need to know how and when DBMS is locking the
data.
Data Security
While DBMS allows data to be shared, it also ensures
that data is only accessed by authorized users. DBMS
provides features needed to implement security at the
enterprise level. By default, the data of a user cannot
be accessed by other users unless the owner gives
explicit permissions to other users to do so.
Data Integrity
Maintaining integrity of the data is an import process.
If data loses integrity, it becomes unusable and
garbage. DBMS provides means to implement rules to
maintain integrity of the data. Once we specify which
rules are to be implemented, then DBMS can make
sure that these rules are implemented always.
Fault tolerance and recovery
DBMS provides great deal of fault tolerance. They
continue to run in spite of errors, if possible, allowing
users to rectify the mistake in the mean time.
DBMS also allows recovery in the event of failure to a
certain extend.
Support for Languages
DBMS supports a data access and manipulation
language. The most widely used data access language
for RDBMS (relational database management systems)
is SQL.
Functions of DBMS
Transaction Management:
This refers to how a DBMS must supply a method that will
guarantee that all the updates in a given transaction are made or not
made.All transactions must follow what is called the ACID properties.
A-Atomicity,C-Consistency,I-Isolation,D-Durability
Concurrency control:
Ensures that correct results for concurrent operations are generated,
while getting those results as quickly as possible.
Recovery Management-
Backup and recovery is brought to mind whenever there is potential
outside threats to a database. For example if there is a power outage,
recovery management is how long it takes to recover the database
after the outage.
Security Management:
Language Interface:
Storage management:
This particular function is used for the storage of data and any
related data entry forms or screen definitions, report definitions,
data validation rules, procedural code, and structures that can handle
video and picture formats. Users do not need to know how data is
stored or manipulated.
Data Catalog management:
A catalog describes data set attributes and indicates the volumes on
which a data set is located. When a data set is cataloged, it can be
referred to by name without the user needing to specify where the
data set is stored.
Database Users
Administrators − Administrators maintain the DBMS and are responsible
for administrating the database. They are responsible to look after its usage
and by whom it should be used. They create access profiles for users and
apply limitations to maintain isolation and force security. Administrators
also look after DBMS resources like system license, required tools, and
other software and hardware related maintenance.
Designers − Designers are the group of people who actually work on the
designing part of the database. They keep a close watch on what data
should be kept and in what format. They identify and design the whole set
of entities, relations, constraints, and views.
End Users − End users are those who actually reap the benefits of having
a DBMS. End users can range from simple viewers who pay attention to
the logs or market rates to sophisticated users such as business analysts.
System Administrator: responsible for the entire
computer system of the organisation.
Security Officers: responsible for the security of the
computer resources of an organisation
Network Administrators: Responsible for ensuring that
all users of the database have access to the data
An architecture for a database system
Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., customer) is
stored.
 Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the
relationships among the data.
type customer = record
name : string;
street : string;
end;
 View level: application programs hide details of data
types. Views can also hide information (e.g. salary) for
security purposes.
Entity and Attribute
An entity is any object that is stored in the database.
Each entity is associated with a collection of attributes.
For example, if you take a data of an educational
institution, student is an entity as we store information
about each student in the database. Each student is
associated with certain values such as roll number,
name, course etc., which are called as attributes of the
entity.
There will be relationship among entities. The
relationship between entities may be one-to-one, one-
to-many or many-to-many.
Primary Key
A table contains the data related entities. If you take
STUDETNS table, it contains data related to students.
For each student there will be one row in the table.
Each student’s data in the table must be uniquely
identified. In order to identify each entity uniquely in
the table, we use a column in the table. That column,
which is used to uniquely
identify entities (students) in the table is called as
primary key.
So a primary key can be defined as a set of columns
used to uniquely identify rows of a table.
Some other examples for primary keys are account
number in bank, employee number of an employee.
Composite Primary Key
In some tables a single column cannot be used to uniquely
identify entities (rows). In that case we have to use two or
more columns to uniquely identify rows of the table. When
a primary key contains two or more columns it is called as
composite primary key.
In PAYMENTS table, which contains the details of
payments made by the students. Each row in the table
contains roll number of the student, payment date and
amount paid. Neither of the columns can uniquely identify
rows. So we have to combine ROLLNO and DP to uniquely
identify rows in the table. As primary key is consisting of
two columns it is called as composite primary key.
Foreign Key
In relational model, we often store data in different tables and put them
together to get complete information. For example, in PAYMENTS
table we have only ROLLNO of the student. To get remaining
information about the student we have to use STUDETNS table. Roll
number in PAYMENTS table can be used to obtain remaining
information about the student.
The relationship between entities student and payment is one-to-many.
One student may make payment for many times. As we already have
ROLLNO column in PAYMENTS table, it is possible to join with
STUDENTS table and get information about parent entity (student).
Roll number column of PAYMENTS table is called as foreign key as it
is used to join PAYMENTS table with STUDENTS table. So foreign
key is the key on the many side of the relationship.
Sorting & Indexing
Indexing:an index is a systematic arrangement of
entries designed to enable users to locate information
in a document
Sorting:any process of arranging items in some
sequence
Sorting is the process or arranging items in a set in a
specific order. Sorting a table would create a copy of
the table in which the rows may have a different order
than the original. Storing the new table would require
an amount of space similar to that of the original table.
Due to this reason sorting is used less frequently; only
used when a new copy of the sorted table is required.
Indexing is a method that is used to improve the data
retrieval speed in a table of a database. An index could
be created using a single or more columns in a table
and the index is stored in a separate file. This file
contains the logical order of rows along with their
physical position in the table. The space required by an
index file is typically less than the space required to
store the table. Unique indices will prevent the table
from containing duplicate values of the index.
Indexing would make the data retrieval more efficient.
Indexing and sorting are two methods that can be used to
create an order in a data table. Indexing would create an
index file that contains only the logical order of rows along
with their physical position in the table whereas with
sorting, a copy of the sorted table has to be stored. Usually,
the index file requires lesser space than storing a sorted
table. Furthermore, some operations like running queries
and searching would be faster with a table with indexes. In
addition, indexing would not change the original order in
the table, while sorting would change the order of rows.
Also, operation such as linking tables would require
having an index.
SORT COMMAND INDEX COMMAND

Creates a new database file Does not create a new file

Slower than index command Faster than sort command

Renumbers records Does not renumber records

Slower Faster

More disk space required Less

Resulting file size will be larger Smaller