UNITY UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE & URBAN PLANNING
Contract, Specification and Quantity Survey
CHAPTER-3
QUANTITY SURVEYING
October 2019
CONTENTS
Introduction
Purpose of Quantity Surveying
Measurement of Civil Works
Principles of Measurement
Units of Measurement
Degree of accuracy in Measurement
The Process of Quantity Surveying
Basic Principles of Taking Off
Quantity Surveying for Building Project
Quantity Surveying for Road Projects
2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.1. Introduction
Once a construction project is completed or depending on the form of
contract upon completion of certain parts of the work, the contractor
must be paid for appropriately completed works.
This would then require that the actual works done be somehow
estimated or measured for payment purposes.
On the other hand to estimate how much a civil engineering project
may cost, the actual quantities of materials, labor, equipment etc. that
is needed for the construction work must be calculated at the
beginning of the work.
Such work of calculating the amount of materials and other
incidentals necessary for the realization of the work is called quantity
surveying.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.1. Introduction Cont.
Quantity surveying is a term or processes used in the construction
industry to take measurements of civil works, prepare
specifications, and estimate the cost of works either for each trade of
work or for the whole project.
The term “surveying” means to inspect, study, review, investigate,
asses, and hence “to measure” therefore the term “quantity
surveying” means “quantity measuring” as applied to civil
engineering projects.
Quantity surveying is the application of standard methods of
measurement to quantify the amount of various items in a
construction project, for the undertaking of valuation, and certifying
payments.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.1. Introduction Cont.
The following tasks are covered in quantity surveying.
1. Preparation of Specification
2. Taking measurements of civil works (Taking off quantities and
preparing BOQ)
3. Preparation of approximate (preliminary) cost estimate at the
very early stage of the project
4. Preparation of detail cost estimate at different stages (taking as
built measurements and preparing payment certificates or
approval of payment certificates prepared by taking
measurements)
5. Valuation of property
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.2. Purpose of Quantity Surveying
The purpose of quantity surveying hence the preparation of Bill of
quantities is:
i. Assist the client to have an accurate estimate of the volume of
work as well as the required budget.
ii. To assist in the accurate preparation of tenders, by providing
uniform measurement of quantities.
iii. To give an accurate checklist of work accomplished
iv. To assist in the certification of payments
v. To give insight into the required variation work amounts.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works
Measurement of civil works includes the billing of each trade of
work either from drawings or the building itself for defining the
extent of works under each trade.
In order to avoid ambiguity in measuring quantities, there is now a
recommended principle of measurement in construction activities.
Many professional organizations publish recommendations on units
of measurement, degree of accuracy etc. this assists in setting a
common parameters so that dispute is avoided.
The standard book, which is used in Ethiopia, is Standard
Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Construction of Buildings by BaTCoDA, March 1991.
Ethiopian Road Authority Standard Specification, 2002 is used
for Road Construction.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
Principles of Measurement
The following are list of the basic principles of quantity surveying,
applicable to all items of work.
Each work section of a bill shall contain a brief description of the
nature and location of work.
Work shall be measured net as fixed in position.
Measure the full work area and adjust deductions later.
Items which are to be measured by area shall state the thickness or
such other information as may be appropriate.
Items which are to be measured by length or depth shall state the
cross-sectional size and shape, girth or ranges of girths or such other
information as may be appropriate.
Items which are to be measured by weight shall state the material
thickness and unit weight if appropriate
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
Principles of Measurement
Piece of work shall be taken in numbers.
For items of pipe work it shall be stated whether the diameter is
internal or external.
Mass voluminous and thick works shall be measured in volume
(cubic meter)
Thin, shallow and surface work shall be measured in area (meter
square) specifying the thickness.
Long and thin work shall be measured in length (linear measure,
running meter)
Bills are deemed to include labor, materials, goods and plant and all
associated costs for fixing, assembling, etc.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
Units of Measurement
Depending on the prevailing system of measurement in any locality,
quantities may be measured in the FPS system or the metric system.
Here in Ethiopia, the most common unit of measurement is the
International System of Units, or the metric system of units in which
the various items are measured as follows:
For the measurement of length Meter (m)
For the measurement of mass Kilogram (Kg)
For the measurement of time Second (s)
For the measurement of current Ampere (A)
For the measurement of temperature Degree Kelvin (K)
For the measurement of luminous intensity Candles (Cd)
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
Degrees of accuracy in Measurement
All dimensions measure to the nearest 0.01m
Thickness of slab measure to the nearest 0.005m
Wood work measure to the nearest 0.002m
Steel work measure to the nearest 0.001m
Reinforcement measure to the nearest 0.005m
Road work measure to the nearest 0.005m
Areas measure to the nearest 0.01 meter square
Steel work areas measure to the nearest 0.001 meter square
Volume measure to the nearest 0.01 meter cube
Wood work volume measure to the nearest0.001 meter cubes
Weights measure to the nearest 1 kg
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
The Process of Quantity Surveying
There are four clearly defined steps in preparation of Bill of
Quantities:
I. Taking off
II. Squaring
III. Abstracting
IV. Writing the final Bill of Quantity
I. Taking Off
This is a process of measuring or scaling dimensions from drawings
and recording all dimensions in an easily understood format. This is
coupled with the descriptions in the drawings and specification.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
The Process of Quantity Surveying
I. Taking Off
In this task the quantity surveyor “take off” the quantities from the
drawings and determines the volume of work to be done for the
various components.
These quantities are calculated in a specially prepared format, as to
aid accurate preparation and enable checking/rechecking or
adjusting of amounts and correcting errors if any.
These special formats are called “Take off sheets” or “Dimension
Paper”.
The dimension paper used for taking off is usually double-ruled as
shown (A4 size).
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
The Process of Quantity Surveying
I. Taking Off
Title
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Page Page
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
The Process of Quantity Surveying
I. Taking Off
Column 1 is used for stating the number of times an item occurs and
is called the timising column.
Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the
dimensions of the items of works.
The dimensions are entered in the order indicated below: Length,
Width, Height or Thickness.
Column 3 is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in
column 2 are multiplied to determine the quantity of the work either
in ml, m2, m3 or in Pcs. or No.
Column 4 is called description column and description of the work
item is briefly stated.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
I. Taking Off
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
The Process of Quantity Surveying
I. Taking Off
A separate sheet (Bar Schedule) is used to prepare reinforcement
quantities as shown below.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
I. Taking Off
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
The Process of Quantity Surveying
II. Squaring
The dimensions entered in Column 2 are squared or cubed as the
case may be, multiplied by the timising factor, and the result entered
in Column 3. This task is called squaring.
All squared dimensions should be carefully checked by another
person before abstracting, and if correct the item should be ticked
with red. Use two decimal places.
III. Abstracting
The squared dimensions are transferred to abstract sheets and all
similar dimensions are collected in the same category to obtain the
total quantity of each item.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
The Process of Quantity Surveying
IV. Writing the final bill
After the abstract sheets have been completed and checked, the
final bill of quantity is written.
The dimensions are copied from the abstracts, and as each item is
transferred it should be ticked by a vertical line from the abstract
sheets.
The description of each item in the final BoQ should be short,
precise and descriptive as per the specification.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
Basic principles of taking Off
The following tasks are part of the Taking Off:
Describing the item,
Bracketing (relating the description to the quantity),
Timising,
Dotting on (adding to the timising factor),
The Ampersand (ditto),
Waste calculations,
Deduction of items,
Correction of dimensions (nullifying).
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
Basic principles of taking off
1. Drawings shall be fully understood and clearly detailed.
2. Works, which cannot be measured accurately, shall be expressed as
provisional quantity (PQ) and will result in provisional sum (PS)
and lump sum (LS)
3. There shall be the understanding that measurements are taken to
the nearest cm.
4. Built items shall generally include all possible entrants like labor,
materials (including storing, loading, unloading and handling),
fixing, use of plant and equipment, wastage of materials,
equipment; which will result in a better process for establishing
prices and profit.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
Basic principles of taking Off
5. Prior knowledge of the regulations is necessary (For E.g. roofing is
measured in horizontal projection).
6. Measurements of civil works shall be carried out in such a way
that it can be easily checked and audited.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
Types of taking Off
Mensuration – the calculation of geometric quantities such as
length, area, and volume, from dimensions and angles that are
already known.
Girth (perimeter) computation –linear measurement. There are
various methods of taking off quantities for computation of girth.
In- to- in and out- to-out method –some wall lengths are taken out
to out and others in to in (offsets are added to out to out lengths)
and same are deducted from in -to-in lengths; used for any type of
measurement irrespective of condition of symmetry.
Centre line method –suitable only when the cross sections of all
walls are symmetrical. In this method Centre line length is found
and same is used for taking off quantities (therefore only width and
depth vary).
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
I. Taking Off
Types of taking off
Crossing method –lengths and breadths of walls as shown in plan
are taken for working out various items and this method is useful
only if the offsets of footings are symmetrical.
A. Out – to - Out and In – to – In Method
Long Wall (Out – to - Out ) = Inner Length + 2 Times Thickness
of the Wall
Short Wall (In – to – In ) = Inner Length - 2 Times Thickness of
the Wall
B. Center Line Method
All dimensions are taken center to center
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.3. Measurement of Civil Works Cont.
Types of taking Off
C. Crossing Method
Long Wall (Out – to - Out ) = Inner Length + 2 Times Thickness
of the Wall
Short Wall (In – to – In ) = Inner Length
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for
Building Project
The following specifications and methods of measurement are
provided to guide the quantity surveyor in the preparation of
quantities for a building project.
A typical building project will have the following work items.
A-SUB STRUCTURE
1 Excavation and earth work
2 Concrete Works
3 Masonry work
B. SUPER STRUCTURE
1 Concrete Works
2 Masonry Works
3 Roofing
4 Carpentry and Joinery
5 Metal Works
6 Finishing
7 Glazing
8 Painting
9 Sanitary installation 29
2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for
Building Project
2.4.1. Substructure
Any structure below the ground floor slab level including the
basement, retaining walls, ground slab, grade beam, and foundation
is called a substructure.
In most of the cases, substructure work can be categorized as follows:
I. Excavation and earthworks (mandatory)
II. Concrete works (can be neglected sometimes)
III. Masonry works (mandatory)
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for
Building Project
2.4.1. Substructure
I. Excavation and earth works
a) Site clearance
Carbonatious elements are not good in concrete, steel and timber
works. In soils under structures even 5% of these elements will
damage the structure.
Therefore, these materials (including trees, bushes and the top 20 to
30 cm soil), termite hills, any other obstruction, have to be cleared.
A working space of 1m is required on each side. It is sometimes
necessary to prepare separate specification for obstructions
(demolition works) because reusable items like doors and windows
are there.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for
Building Project
2.4.1. Substructure
b) Excavation (bulk excavation)
Excavation to get reduced levels of every structural element below
the ground level is called bulk excavation. They are subdivided as
follows depending on the subsurface condition.
Ordinary soil - with boulders and without boulders and can easily
be removed by shovel.
Weathered rock - it can be divided easily without blasting
Rock- bedded rocks that cannot be dug without blasting (requires
using explosives)
Note: - Working space for bulk excavation is 25 cm (not used for shallow
masonry).
Depth of excavation less than 30 cm – measured per m 2 ,depth > 30 cm per
m3
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for
Building Project
2.4.1. Substructure
c) Fill/ Embankment
Shall be measured in m3 of net volume to be filled.
Fill is required because the reduced level of every structural element
above the structure has to be covered.
Excavation and embankment should not be added at a time in
computing their volume, because their costs are different.
The major consideration under embankment is compaction.
Compaction is done usually at 20 cm lift thickness. The subdivisions
under fill are:
Back fill: - filling by using the excavated soil but by removing coarse
particles.
Borrow fill: - filling by using fill material from another place when
there is shortage of fill or when better quality material is required.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for
Building Project
2.4.1. Substructure
d) Disposal
Disposal - cleaning the building area including cart away.
d) Sundry Items
application of termite proof solution, providing hard coring, dust
blinding, expansion joints, etc are itemized as sundry items;
measured in m2.
Excavation and embankment should not be added at a time in
computing their volume, because their costs are different.
The major consideration under embankment is compaction.
Compaction is done usually at 20 cm lift thickness. The subdivisions
under fill are:
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for
Building Project
2.4.1. Substructure
II. Concrete works
a) Concrete
Cast in situ concrete – formed on site and requires formwork and
reinforcement.
Cast in situ concrete shall be measured by volume except in ribbed
slabs and grouting.
Prefabricated concrete –fabricated (manufactured) in a factory and
brought to the site and joined to make a building. It does not require
formwork but needs a special care when connecting the different
elements.
Pre-tensioned (Post tensioned) Concrete –involves in bending up
the concrete itself to make it ready for the downward bending due to
load
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for
Building Project
2.4.1. Substructure
II. Concrete works
a) Concrete
Concrete ancillaries - include windowsills, lintels, expansion joints,
and permanent and temporary embedded materials. It is measured in
ml or enumerated.
Grades of Concrete
C5 - lean concrete, to protect the structural concrete from damage.
C15 - for totally supported structural elements
C20 - used for slabs; mix proportion is 1:2:4
C25 - Commonly used grade of structural Concrete; mix proportion
is 1:2:3
C30 –Used for chemical stores and nuclear plants
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for
Building Project
2.4.1. Substructure
II. Concrete works
b) Formwork
A temporary structural element, which supports slabs, beams in casting
concrete. It shall be designed and erected to safely support, vertical and
lateral loads that might be applied until such load can be supported by
the concrete structure.
Period of removal (minimum):
Vertical formwork to columns, walls and beams: 16 hrs
Soffits formwork to slab: 21 days
props to cantilever slabs: 14 days
Soffits formwork to beams: 21 days
Props to cantilever beams: 14 days
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for
Building Project
2.4.1. Substructure
II. Concrete works
c) Reinforcement Bars
The type and diameter should be clearly stated and shall be measured in
Kg.
III. Masonry Works
Masonry works are works that are executed by laying building
material units of specified dimension through a binding material such
as mortar.
Stone obtained from quarries shall be hard and sound, free from
vents, cracks, fishers, discoloration or other defects that will
adversely affect strength or appearance.
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2. QUANTITY SURVEYING
2.4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for
Building Project
2.4.1. Substructure
III. Masonry Works
Stone chips to be produced shall not be less than 450 mm average
and 380 mm in individual length. Stone for various masonry works
shall be selected and shaped as follows:
stone for facing works shall generally be selected for
consistency in grain, color and texture ,throughout the work
stone for below ground work shall be chiseled from natural
stone
Stone wall is measured by volume, whereas stone pavement is
measured by area, specifying thickness.
For Superstructure work refer your handout!!!!
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THANK YOU!
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