CELL AND CELL

MEMBRANE
Patricia Caldani MS
 Define the cell theory
 Describe the difference between Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic
 Be familiar with the basic organelles and the roles of
the different organelles
 Describe the function of the plasma membrane
 Explain how active transport differs from passive
transport
 Define osmosis and be able to predict the direction
of water movement based upon differences in solute
concentration
 All organisms are made of cells

 Cell is the basic unit of structure and function.

 Spontaneous Generation: The idea that things
or organisms just __________________.
 To study cells, biologists use microscopes
and the tools of biochemistry
Light microscope (LM): visible light passes through the specimen and then
through glass lenses.
Electron microscope (EM): focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or
onto its surface.
Magnification is the ratio of an object’s image to its real size.
Resolving power is a measure of image clarity.
 Cell-The smallest unit of life that can
perform all life processes.
 Composed of smaller parts packaged together
to form a fully functioning whole
 Organelles have their own unique functions,
and are ____________________ together
 Cell Theory
 Cell theory lays out the basic rules that apply to
the smallest unit of life.
 This cell doctrine states that:
 All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
 Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in
organisms.
 All cells _________________ only from other cells.
 Two Basic Types of Cells

 Prokaryotic Cells
 Eukaryotic Cells
 Features of Prokaryotes

 Pro = “before”, karyon = “nucleus”

 Lack a __________________-bound nucleus.
 The only membrane in prokaryotic cells is the
plasma membrane--the outer boundary of the
cell itself.
 Ribosomes are their organelle.
 Always single-celled
 Reproduce by ______________ fission
 Prokaryotes-Bacteria
Prokaryotes are molecules surrounded by a membrane and cell wall.

Prokaryotic cells lack characteristic Eukaryotic sub cellular membrane enclosed

“organelles”
 Prokaryotes- Archaebacteria
 SAME As bacteria since they ____________ a
nucleus and don’t have membrane bound
organelles.
 DIFFERENT in that they have _______________
that are more like a Eukaryotic cell.
 Features of Eukaryotes

 Eu = “true”, karyon = “nucleus”

 Possess:
 Nucleus
 Plasma membrane
 Organelles
 Eukaryotic cells can reproduce via meiosis and
mitosis
 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
 differ in size and complexity

 All cells are surrounded by__________________

membrane.

 All cells have ribosomes

 All cells contain chromosomes that have genes

in the form of DNA.
 Eukaryotes
 There are many organelles inside of the cell - small
structures that help carry out the day-to-day operations of
the cell. 
 ER
 Golgi Apparatus
 Ribosomes
 Nucleus
 Mitochondria
 Lysosomes
 Chloroplast
 Vacuoles
 Vesicles
Eukaryotic Cell
 Cell Membrane
Is the protective layer that covers the cell’s surface.
Found in all cells
Description :Double layer of phospholipids with proteins
Selectively permeable
Support
Protection
Controls _________________________ of materials in/out of cell
Barrier between cell and its environment
Maintains homeostasis
 Cell Wall
Found only in PLANT cells
Gives ______________ to the cell
Location: Plant, Fungi, & Bacteria, but not animal cells
Description: Outer layer, Rigid & strong , made of cellulose
Protects the cell, maintains its shape, prevents excessive uptake of water.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
The ER includes membranous tubules and internal, fluid-filled spaces

Two connected regions of ER:

Smooth ER looks smooth because it ________________ ribosomes.
involved with the production of lipids (fats), carbohydrate metabolism, and
detoxification of drugs and poisons.
In muscle cells releases calcium to trigger muscle contractions

Rough ER looks rough because ribosomes are __________________ to the outside

The ribosomes assemble amino acids into units of proteins
 ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
A folded membrane that moves material in the cell
ER is part of the internal delivery system
ER is responsible for moving proteins and other carbohydrates to the
Golgi Body.
Location: All cells except prokaryotes
Description Network of tubes or membranes
Smooth without ribosomes
Rough with embedded ribosomes
Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
 Rat cell
The endoplasmic reticulum is clearly visible in the cell .
 The Golgi apparatus is the shipping and
receiving center for cell products

Many _____________________vesicles from the ER travel to the Golgi apparatus

for modification of their contents.

-Center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping.

-Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles.

-Gathers simple molecules and combines them to make complex molecules

 Ribosome synthesis proteins
 Ribosomes participate in protein synthesis.
 are the protein ______________ or the protein
synthesizers of the cell.
 Site where translation occurs.
 Found floating in the Cytoplasm or in the
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
 A ribosome is made up of two subunits
 Ribosome: makes protein for the cell

 Location: All cells

 Small bodies free or attached to ER
 Made of rRNA & protein
Ribosomes in a human liver cell
 Nucleus site of DNA and RNA
The cell nucleus acts like the brain of the cell.
The cell nucleus contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell.
The cell nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane
called the nuclear envelope.
Pores: regulate the passage of certain large macromolecules and particles.
-The nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing messenger RNA
(mRNA).
Nucleus
 Nucleolous
Location: All cells except prokaryotes
Found inside the cell's nucleus
Function Make ribosomes
 Nuclear Membrane

Location: All cells except prokaryotes

Surrounds nucleus
Double membrane
Selectively permeable
Function Controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus
 Chromosomes
Carry all of the information used to help a cell grow, thrive, and reproduce.
Chromosomes are made up of DNA.
Find chromosomes and genetic material in the Nucleus

Loose and Tight

Chromosomes are not always visible.
Usually uncoiled and loose strands called chromatin.
During reproduction they wrap up very tightly.

Completing the Sets

Have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Chromosomes work with other nucleic acids in the cell to build proteins and
help in cell division.
 Mitochondria-The Power House
 Referred to as the ___________ plants of the cell
 Mitochondria
Location: All cells except prokaryotes
Description: Double membrane
Outer membrane smooth
Inner membrane folded into cristae
Function: A. Breaks down sugar
B. Site of aerobic cellular respiration
Mitochondria in a human liver cell
 Lysosomes
 Lysosomes hold enzymes that were created by the cell.
 The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things.

 Little digestion machines which work when the cell absorbs or

eats some food.

 These enzymes work best at pH______

Rupture of one or a few lysosomes has little impact on a cell
Massive rupture of many lysosomes can destroy a cell

 The lysosomes play a critical role in the programmed

destruction of cells in multicellular organisms.
Important role in development.
called programmed cell death, or ______________________________
 Lysosomes
Organelle that eats worn out cell parts.
It contains digestive enzymes.
Location: Animal cells, and Plant cells
Description Small and round with a single membrane
Function Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules
 Examples of Lysosomal Activity
 Ducks have no lysosomal activity between
digits of toes = webbed feet
 Chickens have activity = no
 Lack of apoptosis in humans can lead to
webbed fingers called syndactyly
 Chloroplast
Sites of _______________________________________
They convert solar energy to chemical energy and synthesize new organic
compounds such as sugars from CO2 and H2O.
Found in leaves and other green organs of plants and algae.
The membranes divide the chloroplast into three compartments: intermembrane
space, stroma, and thylakoid space.
The stroma: contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.
The thylakoids: flattened sacs that play a critical role in converting light to
chemical energy.
 Chloroplast
Location: Plants and algae
Description : Green, oval  containing chlorophyll (green pigment)
thylakoids :
Grana:
Stroma:
Function: Uses energy from sun to make food for the plant-photosynthesis
 Vacuoles
large storage bubble that holds things the plant needs
Vacuoles are found in both animal and plant cells.
The functions of the vacuole include:
Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell
Containing waste products
Containing water in plant cells
Maintaining hydrostatic pressure/turgor
Maintaining an _______________________pH
Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
 Vacuoles Role In Plant Structure
Plants use cell walls to provide ______________and surround cells.

Most of a plant cell's volume depends on the material in vacuoles.

A drooping plant has lost much of its water and the vacuoles are
shrinking..
 Vesicles
Small sack that moves material in and out of the cell.
Location: Plant cells have a single, large vacuole
Animal cells have small vacuoles
Description: Fluid-filled sacs
________________________ organelle in plant cells
Function Store food, water, metabolic & toxic wastes
 Peroxisomes generate and degrade H2O2 in performing various
metabolic functions.

 Contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from

various substrates to oxygen.
 Contains an enzyme that converts H2O2 to
water.
 Break fatty acids down to smaller molecules
that for cellular respiration.
 Peroxisomes in the liver detoxify alcohol
 Cytoplasm
The ____________________-like material inside of the cell membrane.
Keeps organelles in place
Location: All cells
Description: Clear, thick, jellylike material (cytosol)
Organelles found inside cell membrane
Contains the cytoskeleton fibers
Function: Supports and protects cell organelles
 Cytoskeleton
 Location: All cells
 Description: Made of microtubules -
microfilaments
 Function: Strengthen cell & maintains the
shape
 Moves organelles within the cell
 Cell Membrane
Plant cell has a rigid cell wall
Animal cell membrane is a flexible lipid bilayer.
The lipid molecules have a polar, hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails.
Different proteins on the surface are used for various functions such as cell surface receptors,
enzymes, surface antigens, and transporters
Membrane Transport of Small Molecules
 Transport Processes
- homeostasis maintains constant conditions in a living
organism.  Membrane control is essential for this.
 Passive transport
 This is movement across the membrane without any energy
input. 
 There are 3 forms:  diffusion, facilitated diffusion and
osmosis
 Active Transport
 - transport of a substance against the concentration gradient
 -requires energy
 -must use transport proteins and ATP
 Semi-Permeable
 Molecules that pass through the phospholipid bilayer easily...
 Hydrophobic molecules (oil soluble): O2, N2
 Nonpolar: benzene
 Small uncharged Polar  molecules:  H2O, Urea, glycerol, CO2

 Molecules that don’t pass through the phospholipid bilayer easily...

 Large uncharged Glucose
 Polar molecules  Sucrose
 Ions (charged) H+ , Na+ , HCO3 , K+Ca2+ , Cl- , Mg2+

 Therefore the three characteristics of a molecule that determine the

permeability of the membrane to that species are . . .
 1) polarity - (Hydrophobic vs Hydrophylic)
 2) charge - (charged vs uncharged)
 3) size - (large vs small)
 Household Membranes
 Form groups of 3 or 4, brainstorm and list 3 things in
and around the house that are semipermeable-let
certain things in but not others.

 Item ________________ Describe the ways in which

this item is semipermeable.

 Are the things passing through because of active

process or passive process? Explain.
Osmosis-Diffusion of Water
Active Transport