Scribd
Upload
41 views28 pages

Biochemistry - PPT 01

This document discusses DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It covers: 1. DNA replication through the formation of a replication fork by helicases. 2. Transcription and translation - transcription involves copying DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation involves ribosomes using mRNA to synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm. 3. Drugs can act on nucleic acids through intercalation between DNA base pairs, alkylation of bases, or cutting DNA strands. Intercalators like proflavine disrupt DNA structure and inhibit processes like replication.

Uploaded by

Rasel Islam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views28 pages

Biochemistry - PPT 01

This document discusses DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It covers: 1. DNA replication through the formation of a replication fork by helicases. 2. Transcription and translation - transcription involves copying DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation involves ribosomes using mRNA to synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm. 3. Drugs can act on nucleic acids through intercalation between DNA base pairs, alkylation of bases, or cutting DNA strands. Intercalators like proflavine disrupt DNA structure and inhibit processes like replication.

Uploaded by

Rasel Islam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

DNA & RNA

Lecture-2
Topics
1. DNA replication.
2. Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation.
3. Drugs acting on Nucleic acids.
DNA Replication
The replication fork is a structure that forms
within the nucleus during DNA replication.

It is created by helicases, which break the


hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands
together. The resulting structure has two
branching "prongs", each one made up of a
single strand of DNA.
The leading strand template is the template
strand of the DNA double helix that is oriented
in a 3' to 5' manner. All DNA synthesis occurs
5'-3'. The original DNA strand must be read 3'-
5' to produce a 5'-3' nascent strand.
The lagging strand template is the coding
strand of the DNA double helix that is oriented
in a 5' to 3' manner. The newly made lagging
strand still is synthesized 5'-3'. However, since
the DNA is oriented in a manner that does not
allow continual synthesis, only small sections
can be read at a time. An RNA primer is placed
on the DNA strand 3' to the origin of replication
VIDEO- DNA REPLICATION
Protein Synthesis: Transcription and
Translation.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Messenger RNA contains genetic information. It is a
copy of a portion of the DNA.
It carries genetic information from the gene (DNA) out
of the nucleus, into the cytoplasm of the cell where
it is translated to produce protein.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
This type of RNA is a structural component of the
ribosomes. It does not contain a genetic message.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfer RNA functions to transport amino acids to
the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
DNA contains codes

• Three bases in DNA code


for one amino acid. The
DNA code is copied to
produce mRNA. The order
of amino acids in the
polypeptide is determined
by the sequence of 3-letter
codes in mRNA.
Each kind of tRNA has a sequence of 3 unpaired nucleotides — the
anticodon — which can bind, following the rules of base pairing, to
the complementary triplet of nucleotides — the codon — in a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Just as DNA replication and
transcription involve base pairing of nucleotides running in opposite
direction, so the reading of codons in mRNA (5' -> 3') requires that
the anticodons bind in the opposite direction.
Transcription
• Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from
a DNA template.
• It is like DNA replication in that a DNA strand
is used to synthesize a strand of mRNA.
• Only one strand of DNA is copied.
• A single gene may be transcribed thousands
of times.
• After transcription, the DNA strands rejoin.
Steps involved in transcription
RNA polymerase recognizes a specific base
sequence in the DNA called a promoter and binds
to it. The promoter identifies the start of a gene,
which strand is to be copied, and the direction that
it is to be copied.
• RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA.
• RNA polymerase assembles bases that are
complimentary to the DNA strand being copied.
RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
• A termination code in the DNA indicates where
transcription will stop.
• The mRNA produced is called a mRNA transcript.
VIDEO-Transcription RNA
Processing the mRNA Transcript
Translation

Translation is the process where ribosomes


synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA
transcript produced during transcription.
A mature mRNA transcript, a
ribosome, several tRNA molecules
and amino acids are shown. There is a
specific tRNA for each of the 20
different amino acids.
Video-Translation
Initiation and Termination Codes

An initiation code signals the start of a genetic


message. As the ribosome moves along a mRNA
transcript, it will not begin synthesizing protein until
it reaches an initiation code.

Termination codes signal the end of the genetic


message. Synthesis stops when the ribosome
reaches a terminator codon.
Video of total process- The central dogma
Questions???
Drugs acting on Nucleic acids
 Interclating cytostatic agents
 Alkylating agents
 Chain cutter
Interclating cytostatic agents
 Interclating drugs are compounds which are
capable of slippiong between the layers of
nucleric acids bases and their pairs and
disrupting the shape of double helix.
 This disruption prevents replication and
transcription. One example is the
antibacterial agent Proflavine.

Intercalation induces structural distortions.
Left: unchanged DNA strand. Right: DNA
strand intercalated at three locations (red
areas).

In order for an intercalator to fit between base pairs, the
DNA must dynamically open a space between its base
pairs by unwinding. The degree of unwinding varies
depending on the intercalator; for example, ethidium
cation (the ionic form of ethidium bromide found in
aqueous solution) unwinds DNA by about 26°, whereas
proflavine unwinds it by about 17°. This unwinding
causes the base pairs to separate, or "rise", creating an
opening of about 0.34 nm (3.4 Å). This unwinding
induces local structural changes to the DNA strand,
such as lengthening of the DNA strand or twisting of the
base pairs. These structural modifications can lead to
functional changes, often to the inhibition of
transcription and replication and DNA repair processes,
which makes intercalators potent mutagens.
Video of Bleomycin
Alkylating agents

You might also like