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Introduction To Databases

This document provides an introduction to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, how the database approach addresses these limitations, and the key components and advantages of DBMS. Specifically, it defines what a database and DBMS are, describes the major roles and components in a DBMS environment, outlines the history and types of database systems, and lists some advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS. Students are assigned to explore various database vendor websites and Wikipedia articles to learn more about databases and DBMS.

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M Fayez Khan
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47 views21 pages

Introduction To Databases

This document provides an introduction to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, how the database approach addresses these limitations, and the key components and advantages of DBMS. Specifically, it defines what a database and DBMS are, describes the major roles and components in a DBMS environment, outlines the history and types of database systems, and lists some advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS. Students are assigned to explore various database vendor websites and Wikipedia articles to learn more about databases and DBMS.

Uploaded by

M Fayez Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 01

Introduction to Databases
Lecture 01 - Objectives
 Some common uses of database systems.
 Characteristics of file-based systems.
 Problems with file-based approach.
 Meaning of the term database.
 Meaning of the term Database Management System
(DBMS).
 Major components of the DBMS environment.
 History of the development of DBMSs.
 Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.
Examples of Database Applications
 Purchases from the supermarket (e.g. Metro
Supermarket)
 Purchases using your credit card
 Booking for a Flight
 Using the local library
 Studying at university
File-Based Systems
 Collection of application programs that
perform services for the end users (e.g. reports).

 Each program defines and manages its own


Students_Result (CMS number, student name, student address,
data.
telephone number, CGPA, Program Name)

Students_Fee (CMS number, student name, student address,


telephone number, Program Name, Fee Balance)
File-Based Processing
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Separation and isolation of data
– Each program maintains its own set of data.
– Users of one program may be unaware of
potentially useful data held by other programs.

 Duplication of data
– Same data is held by different programs.
– Wasted space and potentially different values
and/or different formats for the same item.
Limitations of File-Based Approach
 Data dependence
– File structure is defined in the program code.

 Incompatible file formats


– Programs are written in different languages, and so
cannot easily access each other’s files.

 Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application


programs
– Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
– Any new requirement needs a new program.
Database Approach
 Arose because:
– Definition of data was embedded in application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently.
– No control over access and manipulation of data
beyond that imposed by application programs.

 Result:
– the database and Database Management System
(DBMS).
Database
 Shared collection of logically related data (and
a description of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.

 System catalog (metadata) provides description


of data to enable program–data independence.

 Logically related data comprises entities,


attributes, and relationships of an
organization’s information.
Database Management System (DBMS)
 A software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain, and control access to the
database.

 (Database) application program: a computer


program that interacts with database by
issuing an appropriate request (SQL
statement) to the DBMS.
Database Management System (DBMS)
Database Approach
 Data definition language (DDL).
– Permits specification of data types, structures and
any data constraints.
– All specifications are stored in the database.

 Data manipulation language (DML).


– General enquiry facility (query language) of the
data.
Database Approach
 Controlled access to database may
include:
– a security system
– an integrity system
– a concurrency control system
– a recovery control system
– a user-accessible catalog.
Components of DBMS Environment
 Hardware
– Can range from a PC to a network of
computers.
 Software
– DBMS, operating system, network software (if
necessary) and also the application programs.
 Data
– Used by the organization and a description
of this data called the schema.
Components of DBMS Environment
 Procedures
– Instructions and rules that should be applied to
the design and use of the database and DBMS.
 People
Roles in the Database Environment

 Database Administrator (DBA)


 Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
 Application Programmers
 End Users (naive and sophisticated)
History of Database Systems
 First-generation
– Hierarchical and Network

 Second generation
– Relational

 Third generation
– Object-Relational
– Object-Oriented
Advantages of DBMSs
 Control of data redundancy
 Data consistency
 More information from the same amount of
data
 Sharing of data
 Improved data integrity
 Improved security
 Enforcement of standards
 Economy of scale
Advantages of DBMSs
 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
 Increased productivity
 Improved maintenance through data
independence
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services
Disadvantages of DBMSs
 Complexity
 Size
 Cost of DBMS
 Additional hardware costs
 Cost of conversion
 Performance
 Higher impact of a failure
Home Task

Using any Web browser, look at some of the following


Web pages and discover the wealth of information
available there:
(a) http://www.oracle.com
(b) http://www.microsoft.com/sql http://www.microsoft.com/access
(c) http://www.ibm.com/db2
(d) http://www.mysql.com
(e) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/database
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBMS

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