* History of Information

technology

By Julia Olkhovyk
 * The outset
Since World War II 'information' has emerged widely taken to characterize our times. We
as a fundamental scientific and technological live in an 'information society', an 'age of
concept applied to phenomena ranging from information'. Indeed, we look to models of
black holes to DNA, from the organization of information processing to explain our own
cells to the processes of human thought, and patterns of thought.
from the management of corporations to the The computer has played the central
allocation of global resources. In addition to role in that transformation, both
reshaping established disciplines, it has accommodating and encouraging ever
stimulated the formation of a panoply of new broader
subjects and areas of inquiry concerned with views of 'information' and of how it can be
its structure and its role in nature and society transformed and communicated over time
and
(Machlupand Mansfeld 1983). Theories based
space. Since the 1950s the computer has
on the concept of 'information' have so
Replaced traditional methods of accounting
permeated modern culture that it now is and
technology
 * What is IT?
The study or use of systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing,
retrieving, and sending information.
Information Technology is the industry that relates to the management of data,
communications / connectivity, and the technology infrastructure that supports it.

So, the big areas of IT infrastructure are computing power (servers and clients), storage,
networking switches / routers, and of course the Internet backbone.

Other aspects of IT include but are not limited to Internet security, cloud computing, cloud
services, Big Data, BYOD, backup and recovery, wireless networking, etc... but these are
subsets of the original definition in the first paragraph.  
*IT includes several layers of physical equipment (hardware),
virtualization and management or automation tools, operating
systems and applications (software) used to perform essential
functions. User devices, peripherals and software, such as
laptops, smartphones or even recording equipment, can be
included in the IT domain. IT can also refer to the architectures,
methodologies and regulations governing the use and storage of
data.

*
Explanation
*IT architectures have evolved to
include virtualization and cloud computing,
where physical resources are abstracted and
pooled in different configurations to meet
application requirements. Clouds may be
distributed across locations and shared with
other IT users, or contained within a corporate
data center, or some combination of both
deployments.

* Explanation continuing….
 * Explanation
* Information technology is concerned with improvements in a variety of human and organizational
 problem-solving endeavors
through the design, development, and use of technologically based systems and processes that enh
ance the efficiency and
effectiveness of information in a variety of strategic, tactical, and operational situations. Ideally, th
is is accomplished through critical attention to the information needs of humans in problem-
solving tasks and in the provision of technological aids,
including electronic communication and computer-
based systems of hardware and software and associated processes.
Information technology complements and enhances traditional engineering through emphasis on t
he information basis for engineering.
* The knowledge and skills required in information technology come from the applied engineering s
ciences, especially
information, computer, and systems engineering sciences, and from professional practice. Professi
onal activities in
information technology and in the acquisition of information technology systems range from requi
rements definition or
specification, to conceptual and functional design and development of communication and comput
er-based systems for
information support. They are concerned with such topics as architectural definition and evaluati
on.
 * Early mechanical devices

*Although information technology is a diverse term

yet the most prominent invention unforgettable in
the eyes of many is “Computers”.
*Starting from their early applications such as
calculation to today’s highly technical one.
*Following mechanical devices to electronic ones.
*COMPUTER :- A computer is a programmable
electronic device. It takes data through input
devices. It processes the data according to a
sequence of instructions provided in the form of a
program. The result is called the output and given
through some output device.

* What is computer?
*There is a long history detailing the invention of
computing and calculating machines. The earliest
recorded calculating device is the abacus. Used as a
simple computing device for performing arithmetic, the
abacus most likely appeared first in Babylonia (now
Iraq) over 5000 years ago. Its more familiar form today
is derived from the Chinese. Others include ; Loom
,Slide rule , pasacaline, difference engine & Analytical
engine

* Some early
devices
*Generations of Computing Devices
• Purely mechanical (Leibniz, Babbage)
• Electro‐mechanical (Aiken’s Harvard Mark I)
• Purely electronic (vacuum tubes)
– 1000 times faster than electro‐mechanical
• Stored‐program digital computers
• Integrated circuits
• Microprocessors
• Quantum computers (in development)

* Electronic computing devices

*Vacuum Tubes: Like Light Bulbs
But With Extra Wires
• Before the transistor was
invented, we used vacuum tubes:
2‐3 inches tall; equivalent to
1‐3 transistors
15-110 Principles of Computation ,Soon then ENIAC was used to develop
an electronic computer to solve differential
equations for ballistic trajectories
• Constructed completed in the fall of 1945 after WWII
ends, and dedicated in February 1946.
ENIAC used vacuum tubes
*Vacuum tubes
* ENIAC
*The second generation computers used transistors. The
scientists at Bell laboratories developed transistor in 1947.
These scientists include John Barden, William Brattain and
William Shockley. The size of the computers was decreased
by replacing vacuum tubes with transistors. The examples of
second generation computers are IBM 7094 series, IBM
1400 series and CDC 164 etc.

*
Transistors
*The Third generation computers used the integrated circuits
(IC). Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrated circuit in
1958. It was an important invention in the computer field. The
first IC was invented and used in 1961. The size of an IC is about
¼ square inch. A single IC chip may contain thousands of
transistors. The computer became smaller in size, faster, more
reliable and less expensive. The examples of third generation
computers are IBM 370, IBM System/360,UNIVAC
1108 and UNIVAC AC 9000 etc.

* Integrated Circuits
* inside look of IC
*The fourth generation computers started with the invention
of Microprocessor. The Microprocessor contains thousands
of ICs. Ted Hoff produced the first microprocessor in 1971
for Intel. It was known as Intel 4004. The technology of
integrated circuits improved rapidly. The LSI (Large Scale
Integration) circuit and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
circuit was designed. It greatly reduced the size of computer.
The size of modern Microprocessors is usually one square
inch. It can contain millions of electronic circuits. The
examples of fourth generation computers are Apple

*
Macintosh & IBM PC.
Microprocessor
* Micro processor
* Scientists are working hard on the 5th generation computers with quite
a few breakthroughs. It is based on the technique of Artificial
Intelligence (AI). Computers can understand spoken words & imitate
human reasoning. Can respond to its surroundings using different types
of sensors. Scientists are constantly working to increase the processing
power of computers. They are trying to create a computer with real IQ
with the help of advanced programming and technologies. IBM
Watson computer’s one example that outsmarts Harvard University
Students. The advancement in modern technologies will revolutionize
the computer in future.

* Artificial Intelligence
 Several industries are associated with
information technology, including computer
hardware, software, electronics, semiconducto
rs, internet, telecom
equipment, engineering, healthcare, e-
commerce and computer services.

* Applications of
IT
* The business must understand and adapt in the new source
of competitive advantage connecting to the people of the
core competencies and customer interaction on global scale,
globe market place. In the globe business world, globe
interaction is very important. In every organization there are
major business processes that provide the critical tasks such
that customer bills, analyzing sales of various products in
different locations etc. in business, computers are used in
diversity

* Business Field
 * E-commerce

*             E-commerce (electronic commerce) describes the buying,

selling, and exchanging of products, services, and information via
computer network. The term e-commerce as describe transactions,
conducted between business partners. There are many application
of e-commerce, such as home banking, shopping in electronic malls,
buying stocks, finding a job, conducting an auction, collaborating
electronically with business partners around the globe, marketing &
advertising and providing customer service.
 * Industry & Robots

Industry:
Computers are used to control manufacturing system and continuous running of the
machinery. These are also help in monitoring temperature, pressure, and also check the
quality and accuracy, measurement needed in the manufacturing process.

Robots:
A robot is an automatic programmable machine that moves and performs mechanical tasks.
Robots are used in hundreds of applications from assembling and spray-painting cars,
carrying out maintenance on overhead power cables, to testing blood samples, outer space
experimental programs, in artificial satellites, and radioactive environments etc. robots can
work in environment that are hazardous to humans, it can perform repetitive and boring task
continuously without a break at high level of accuracy than human.
 * Computer aided design
CAD (Computer Aided Design) & CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture):-
 CAD (Computer Aided Design) are used for display designs and build production prototypes in
software, test them as a computer object according to following given parameters. Compile Parts and
quantities lists. Outline production and assembly procedures
Transmit the final different applications some of them like designing new car or aircraft, bridge and
building. Making changes to a design requires a large number of complex calculations. A CAD system
needs a high resolution monitors, input devices (mouse, keyboard, graphic tables, and scanners etc) and
output devices (printers and plotters). CAD use often has the capability of displaying a three dimensional
object and speedily rotating it in any direction using controls on the keyboard.
CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) is used to control all the part of a manufacturing process. CAM
software uses digital design output, such as that from a CAD system, to directly control production
machinery. CAM systems are manufactured following goods.
THE END