CLOUD COMPUTING

SIT 1304
Unit 1
 UNIT 1 UNDERSTANDING CLOUD
COMPUTING
 
• History of Cloud computing - Cloud Computing Architectural
Framework - Types of Clouds - pros and cons of cloud computing -
difference between web 2.0 and cloud - key challenges in cloud
computing - Major Cloud players - Cloud Deployment Models -
Virtualization in Cloud Computing - types of virtualization -
Parallelization in Cloud Computing - cloud resource management -
dynamic resource allocation - Optimal allocation of cloud models.
 History of Cloud Computing
• Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server
computing which is basically a centralized storage in which all the
software applications, all the data and all the controls are resided on the
server side.
• If a single user wants to access specific data or run a program, he/she need
to connect to the server and then gain appropriate access, and then he/she
can do his/her business.
• Then after, distributed computing came into picture, where all the
computers are networked together and share their resources when needed.
• On the basis of above computing, there was emerged of cloud computing
concepts that later implemented.
 History of Cloud Computing
• At around in 1961, John MacCharty suggested in a speech at
MIT that computing can be sold like a utility, just like a water
or electricity
• In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to
users using a simple website. The applications were delivered
to enterprises over the Internet, and this way the dream of
computing sold as utility were true.
 History of Cloud Computing
• In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services,
providing services like storage, computation and even
human intelligence. However, only starting with the
launch of the Elastic Compute Cloud in 2006 a truly
commercial service open to everybody existed.
 History of Cloud Computing
• In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud
computing enterprise applications. Same
year Microsoft launched Windows Azure, and
companies like Oracle and HP have all joined the
game. This proves that today, cloud computing has
become mainstream.
 CLOUD COMPUTING:DEFENITION

• Cloud computing means on demand delivery

of IT resources via the internet with pay-as-
you-go pricing. It provides a solution of IT
infrastructure in low cost.
NEED OF CLOUD COMPUTING
• Small as well as some large IT companies follows the
traditional methods to provide the IT infrastructure
• In their server room, there should be a database server, mail
server, networking, firewalls, routers, modem, switches,
QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or load
will be handled by the server) , configurable system, high
net speed and the maintenance engineers.
• To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of
money. To overcome all these problems and to reduce the
IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into
existence.
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• Agility
- The cloud works in the distributed computing
environment. It shares resources among users
and works very fast.
• High availability and reliability
- Availability of servers is high and more
reliable, because chances of infrastructure
failure are minimal.
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• High Scalability
- Means "on-demand" provisioning of resources on
a large scale, without having engineers for peak
loads.
• Multi-Sharing
- With the help of cloud computing, multiple users
and applications can work more efficiently with
cost reductions by sharing common
infrastructure.
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• Device and Location Independence

- Cloud computing enables the users to access
systems using a web browser regardless of
their location or what device they use e.g. PC,
mobile phone etc. As infrastructure is off-site
(typically provided by a third-party) and
accessed via the Internet, users can connect
from anywhere.
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• Maintenance
- Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier,
since they do not need to be installed on each user's
computer and can be accessed from different places.
So, it reduces the cost also.
• Low Cost
- By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced
because to take the services of cloud computing, IT
company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-
as-per usage of resources.
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• Services in pay-per-use mode

-Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are
provided to the users so that they can access
services on the cloud by using these APIs and
pay the charges as per the usage of services.
 
Architectural framework:
 Components of Cloud Computing
Architecture
• A front-end platform that can include fat
clients, thin clients, and mobile devices
• Back-end platforms, such as servers and
storage
• Cloud-based delivery
• A network (internet, intranet)
 Front End and Back End Cloud
Computing
At its most basic, cloud architecture can be classified into two sections: front-end and back-
end, connected to each other via a virtual network or the internet. There are other parts
of cloud architecture including middleware, cloud resources, etc., but for now we’ll just
review the basics.
• Front End Cloud Computing
Front-end is the side that is visible to the client, customer, or user.
Front-end pieces include the user interface, and the client’s
computer system or network that is used for accessing the cloud
system. You have probably noticed that different cloud computing
systems use different user interfaces—for example, not only can
you choose from a variety of web browsers (including Chrome,
Safari, Firefox, etc.), but the Google Docs user interface is
different than that of Salesforce.
Front End and Back End Cloud Computing
• Back End Cloud Computing
• On the other hand, the back-end pieces are on the side used
by the service provider. These include various servers,
computers, data storage systems, virtual machines, and
programs that together constitute the cloud of computing
services. The back-end side also is responsible for providing
security mechanisms, traffic control and protocols that
connect networked computers for communication.
• To briefly summarize: the front-end is the part you see, and
the back-end is the computing that happens behind the
scenes.
 Cloud Services Network

• Cloud services can be delivered publicly or privately using

the internet and can also remain within a company’s
network when delivered over an intranet. Sometimes,
organizations make use of a combination of both. 
• No matter where the actual “cloud” is—a company’s own
data center or a service provider’s data center, cloud
computing uses networking to enable convenient, on-
demand access to a shared pool of computing resources
like networks, storage, servers, services, and applications.
By using virtualization, these assets can be provisioned and
released quickly and easily as necessary.
 Types of cloud:

• Public Cloud
• Private Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud
 Public Cloud

• Public cloud allows the accessibility of

systems and services easily to general public.
Eg: Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, Google,
Rackspace etc.
 Advantages of Public Cloud Model

• Low Cost
• Reliable
• Flexible
• Location Independent
• High Scalability
 Disadvantages of Public Cloud Model

• Low security
In public cloud model, data is present off-site
and resources are shared publicly. Hence it
does not ensure the high level security.
• Less customizable
It is less customizable than private cloud.
 Private Cloud

• The Private cloud allows the accessibility of

systems and services within the organization.
Private cloud is operated only within a
particular organization. But it will be managed
internally or by third party.
 Advantages of Private Cloud Model

• High security and privacy

- Private cloud resources are shared from distinct
pool of resources and hence highly secured.
• More Control
-Private clouds have more control on its
resources and hardware than public cloud
because it is accessed only within the
boundary of an organization.
 Disadvantages of Private Cloud Model

• Restriction
-Private cloud is only accessible locally and it is very difficult to
deploy globally.
• More Cost
- Private cloud is having more cost than public clouds.
• Inflexible price
- In order to fulfill demands, purchasing new hardware is very
costly.
• Less Scalability
- Private clouds are scaled only within capacity of internal hosted
resources.
 Hybrid Cloud

The Hybrid cloud is the mixture of public and

private cloud. Non-critical activities are
performed by public cloud while critical
activities are performed by private cloud.
 Advantages of Hybrid Cloud Model

• Scalable
-It provides both the features of public and
private cloud scalability.
• Flexible and secure
- It provides secure resources because of private
cloud and scalable resources because of public
cloud.
 Advantages of Hybrid Cloud Model

• Cost effective
- It is having less cost as compared to private
cloud.
 Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud Model

• Networking issues
Networking becomes complex because of
private and public cloud.
• Security Compliance
It is necessary to ensure that cloud services are
compliant with the security policies of an
organization.
 PROS AND CONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING:

• Advantages of Cloud Computing

There are various advantages of cloud computing technology.
The important advantages of cloud computing are given below.
• Lower cost computer for users
• Lower IT infrastructure cost
• Fewer maintenance cost
• Lower Software Cost
• Instant software updates
• Increased computing Power
• Unlimited storage capacity
 PROS AND CONS OF CLOUD
COMPUTING:
• Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
There are various disadvantages of cloud
computing technology. The important
disadvantages of cloud computing are given
below.
• Require a constant Internet Connection
• Require High Speed Internet connection
• Stored Data Might Not Be Secure
Difference: Cloud and Web 2.0
 Key challenges in cloud computing

• There are also many challenges involved in

cloud computing, and if you’re not prepared to
deal with them, you won’t realize the benefits.
Here are six common challenges you must
consider before implementing cloud
computing technology.
 Key challenges in cloud computing

• Cost
• Service Provider Reliability
• Downtime
• Password Security
• Data privacy
• Vendor lock-in
 Key challenges in cloud computing
Cost
• Cloud computing itself is affordable, but tuning the
platform according to the company’s needs can be
expensive. Furthermore, the expense of transferring the data
to public clouds can prove to be a problem for short-lived
and small-scale projects.
• Companies can save some money on system maintenance,
management, and acquisitions. But they also have to invest
in additional bandwidth, and the absence of routine control
in an infinitely scalable computing platform can increase
costs.
 Key challenges in cloud computing

Service Provider Reliability

• The capacity and capability of a technical
service provider are as important as price. The
service provider must be available when you
need them. The main concern should be the
service provider’s sustainability and reputation.
Make sure you comprehend the techniques via
which a provider observes its services and
defends dependability claims.
 Key challenges in cloud computing

Downtime
• Downtime is a significant shortcoming of cloud
technology. No seller can promise a platform
that is free of possible downtime. Cloud
technology makes small companies reliant on
their connectivity, so companies with an
untrustworthy internet connection probably
want to think twice before adopting cloud
computing.
 Key challenges in cloud computing
Password Security
• Industrious password supervision plays a vital role in cloud
security. However, the more people you have accessing
your cloud account, the less secure it is. Anybody aware of
your passwords will be able to access the information you
store there.
• Businesses should employ multi-factor authentication and
make sure that passwords are protected and altered
regularly, particularly when staff members leave. Access
rights related to passwords and usernames should only be
allocated to those who require them.
 Key challenges in cloud computing

Data privacy
• Sensitive and personal information that is kept
in the cloud should be defined as being for
internal use only, not to be shared with third
parties. Businesses must have a plan to
securely and efficiently manage the data they
gather.
 Key challenges in cloud computing
Vendor lock-in

• Entering a cloud computing agreement is easier than leaving it. “Vendor

lock-in” happens when altering providers is either excessively expensive
or just not possible. It could be that the service is nonstandard or that
there is no viable vendor substitute.
• It comes down to buyer carefulness. Guarantee the services you involve
are typical and transportable to other providers, and above all,
understand the requirements.
• Cloud computing is a good solution for many businesses, but it’s
important to know what you’re getting into. Having plans to address
these six prominent challenges first will help ensure a successful
experience.
 Cloud players
• Top 5 cloud players
• #1 Microsoft 
• #2 Amazon 
• #3 IBM 
• #4 Salesforce.com 
• #5 SAP 
 Deployment Models
• Public Cloud
• Private Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud
• Community Cloud
 Public Cloud
• Public Cloud is a type of cloud hosting that allows
the accessibility of systems & its services to its
clients/users easily. Some of the examples of those
companies which provide public cloud facilities are
IBM, Google, Amazon, Microsoft, etc
• Public cloud is better suited for business purposes
for managing the load. This type of cloud is
economical due to the decrease in capital
overheads.
 The advantages of the Public cloud are:

• Flexible
• Reliable
• High Scalable
• Low cost
• Place independence
 Some Disadvantages
• Less Secured
• Poor Customizable
 Private Cloud
• Private Cloud also termed as 'Internal Cloud'; which
allows the accessibility of systems and services within a
specific boundary or organization. The cloud platform is
implemented in a cloud-based secure environment that is
guarded by advanced firewalls under the surveillance of
the IT department that belongs to a particular organization.
Private clouds permit only authorized users, providing the
organizations greater control over data and its security.
Business organizations that have dynamic, critical,
secured, management demand based requirement should
adopt Private Cloud.
The advantages of using private cloud are

• Highly private and secured - Private cloud

resource sharing is highly secured.

• Control Oriented- Private clouds provide

more control over its resources than public
cloud as it can be accessed within the
organization's boundary.
 Disadvantages
• Poor scalability - Private type of clouds is scaled
within internal limited hosted resources.
• Costly - As it provides secured and more features,
so it's more expensive than a public cloud.
• Pricing - is inflexible; i.e., purchasing new
hardware for up-gradation is more costly.
• Restriction - It can be accessed locally within an
organization and is difficult to expose globally.
 Hybrid Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud is another cloud computing type, which is
integrated, i.e., it can be a combination of two or more
cloud servers, i.e., private, public or community combined
as one architecture, but remain individual entities
• Non-critical tasks such as development and test workloads
can be done using public cloud whereas critical tasks that
are sensitive such as organization data handling are done
using a private cloud. Benefits of both deployment
models, as well as community deployment model, are
possible in a hybrid cloud hosting
Advantages of Hybrid Cloud Computing are:

• Flexible
• Secure
• Cost Effective
• Rich Scalable
 Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud are:

• Complex networking problem

• Organization's security Compliance

 Community Cloud

• It is another type of cloud computing in which the

setup of the cloud is shared manually among
different organizations that belong to the same
community or area. Example of such a community
is where organizations/firms are there along with
the financial institutions/banks. A multi-tenant
setup developed using cloud among different
organizations that belong to a particular community
or group having similar computing concern.
 Virtualization

• The term 'Virtualization' can be used in many respect of computer. It is the

process of creating a virtual environment of something which may include
hardware platforms, storage devices, OS, network resources, etc.
• Virtualization is the ability which allows sharing the physical instance of a
single application or resource among multiple organizations or users. This
technique is done by assigning a name logically to all those physical
resources & provides a pointer to those physical resources based on demand.
• Over an existing operating system & hardware, we generally create a virtual
machine which and above it we run other operating systems or applications.
This is called Hardware Virtualization. The virtual machine provides a
separate environment that is logically distinct from its underlying hardware.
Here, the system or the machine is the host & virtual machine is the guest
machine. This virtual environment is managed by a firmware which is
termed as a hypervisor.
Approaches or ways to virtualizes cloud servers.

• Grid Approach
• OS - Level Virtualization
• Hypervisor-based Virtualization
• Software virtualization
• Hardware virtualization
• Server virtualization
 Virtualization

• Grid Approach - where the processing workloads are

distributed among different physical servers, and their
results are then collected as one.
• OS - Level Virtualization -Here, multiple instances of
an application can run in an isolated form on a single
OS
• Hypervisor-based Virtualization-With hypervisor's
virtualization, there are various sub-approaches to
fulfill the goal to run multiple applications & other
loads on a single physical host
 Virtualization

• Hardware Virtualization -It is the abstraction

of computing resources from the software that
uses cloud resources. It involves embedding
virtual machine software into the server's
hardware components. That software is called
the hypervisor.
 Virtualization

Three types of hardware virtualizations

• Full Virtualization - Here the hardware architecture is
completely simulated. Guest software doesn't need any
modification to run any applications
• Emulation Virtualization - Here the virtual machine
simulates the hardware & is independent. Furthermore,
the guest OS doesn't require any modification
• Para-Virtualization - Here, the hardware is not
simulated; instead the guest software runs its isolated
system
 Software virtualization

• It is also called application virtualization

• Software virtualization is similar to that of virtualization except
that it is capable to abstract the software installation procedure and
create virtual software installation. Many applications & their
distributions became typical tasks for IT firms and departments.
The mechanism for installing an application differs.
• So virtualized software is introduced in which an application
that will be installed into its self-contained unit and provide
software virtualization. Some of the examples are Virtual Box,
VMware, etc
• Benefits are Ease of Client Deployment , Software Migration,
Easy to Manage
 Server virtualization:
• In this process, the server resources are kept hidden from the
user. This partitioning of physical server into several virtual
environments; result in the dedication of one server to perform
a single application or task.
• This technique is mainly used in web-servers which reduces
the cost of web-hosting services. Instead of having separate
system for each web-server, multiple virtual servers can run on
the same system/computer.
 Primary uses of server virtualization are:

• To centralize the server administration

• Improve the availability of server
• Helps in disaster recovery
• Ease in development & testing
• Make efficient use of server resources.
 Cloud resource management

• Critical function of any man-made system.

It affects the three basic criteria for the
evaluation of a system like:
• Functionality.
• Performance.
• Cost.
 Scheduling
• Scheduling in a computing system deciding
how to allocate resources of a system, such as
CPU cycles, memory, secondary storage space,
I/O and network bandwidth, between users and
tasks.
Policies and mechanisms for resource allocation.
• Policy: principles guiding decisions.
• Mechanisms: the means to implement policies
 Cloud resource management (CRM) policies

• 1. Admission control: prevent the system from accepting

workload in violation of high-level system policies.
•  2. Capacity allocation: allocate resources for individual
activations of a service.
•  3. Load balancing: distribute the workload evenly among
the servers
• 4. Energy optimization: minimization of energy
consumption
•  5. Quality of service (QoS) guarantees: ability to satisfy
timing or other conditions specified by a Service Level
Agreement
 Dynamic resource allocation

• Cloud Computing environment can supply of computing resources on the basis of demand and when
needed
 
• Managing the customer demand creates the challenges of on-demand resource allocation.
 
• Effective and dynamic utilization of the resources in cloud can help to balance the load and avoid
situations like slow run of systems.
 
• Cloud computing allows business outcomes to scale up and down their resources based on needs.
 
• Virtual Machines are allocated to the user based on their job in order to reduce the number of
physical servers in the cloud environment
 
• If the VM is available then job is allowed to run on the VM.

• If the VM is not available then the algorithm finds a low priority job taking into account the job’s lease
type.
There are three types
•  Cancellable: These requests can be scheduled at any time
after their arrival time

• Suspendable: Suspendable leases are flexible in start time

and can be scheduled at any time after their ready time

• Non-Preemptable: The leases associated with such

requests cannot be pre-empted at all.
 
 Optimal allocation of cloud models

• The optimal allocation of computing resources is a core

part for implementing cloud computing.

• High heterogeneity, high dynamism, and virtualization

make the optimal allocation problem more complex than
the traditional scheduling problems in grid system or
cloud computing system.
Optimal allocation of cloud models
 Quiz
• https://forms.gle/yCP92iUP4D2nFjaK6
 UNIT II

• CLOUD SERVICE MODELS

 UNIT 2 CLOUD SERVICE MODELS :

• Software as a Service (SaaS) - Infrastructure

as a Service (IaaS)- Platform as a Service
(PaaS)- Service Oriented Architecture (SoA) -
Elastic Computing - On Demand Computing.
 Software-as–a-Service (SaaS) 

• Software-as–a-Service (SaaS) model allows to provide

software application as a service to the end users. It
refers to a software that is deployed on a host service
and is accessible via Internet. There are several SaaS
applications listed below:
• Billing and invoicing system
• Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
applications
• Help desk applications
• Human Resource (HR) solutions
 Characteristics

Here are the characteristics of SaaS service model:

• SaaS makes the software available over the Internet.
• The software applications are maintained by the vendor.
• The license to the software may be subscription based or usage based. And it is
billed on recurring basis.
• SaaS applications are cost-effective since they do not require any maintenance at
end user side.
• They are available on demand.
• They can be scaled up or down on demand.
• They are automatically upgraded and updated.
• SaaS offers shared data model. Therefore, multiple users can share single instance
of infrastructure. It is not required to hard code the functionality for individual
users.
• All users run the same version of the software.
 Benefits of SaaS

Using SaaS has proved to be beneficial in terms

of scalability, efficiency and performance.
Some of the benefits are listed below:
• Modest software tools
• Efficient use of software licenses
• Centralized management and data
• Platform responsibilities managed by provider
• Multitenant solutions