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Unit-Ii Power Flow Analysis

The document discusses power flow analysis in power systems. It covers the importance of load flow analysis, different types of buses (load bus, generator bus, slack bus), load flow equations, and load flow solution methods like Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson. Load flow analysis is important for planning, operation, and design of power systems. It determines the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus under normal operating conditions.

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Nmg Kumar
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424 views25 pages

Unit-Ii Power Flow Analysis

The document discusses power flow analysis in power systems. It covers the importance of load flow analysis, different types of buses (load bus, generator bus, slack bus), load flow equations, and load flow solution methods like Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson. Load flow analysis is important for planning, operation, and design of power systems. It determines the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus under normal operating conditions.

Uploaded by

Nmg Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT-II

POWER FLOW ANALYSIS


Power (or) Load Flow Analysis
• Importance of load flow analysis
• Bus classification
• Load flow equation in complex & polar
variable form
• Load flow methods (or) solution for load
flow problems
Importance of load flow analysis
Load flow analysis is the backbone of PSA.

It is required for Planning, Operation,


Economic Scheduling & Exchange of power
b/w utilities . Expansion of system & also in
design stage.

Steady-state analysis, of an interconnected


PS during normal operating conditions.
Contd…
Purpose of LFA

Compute steady-state voltage & voltage


angle b/w all buses in n/w.

Real & Reactive power flow in every Tr.


line and transformers under the assumption
of known values of generation & load.
Load Bus (or) PQ Bus
• Bus where only load is connected & no
generator exists in this load bus .i.e.,(PG & QG =0)
• Real power demand (PD) & Reactive power
demand (QD) are drawn for supply.
• PD , QD are known values.
• |V| , δ are unknown quantities.
• In Power balance eqn ,
PD , QD → Negative Quantities
PG , QG Positive Quantities

Pi +j Qi = (PGi - PDi) + j (QGi -QDi)


Generator bus (or) Voltage control Bus
(or) PV Bus
• Bus Voltage magnitude can be controlled in this bus.

• At each bus where alternators are connected, MW


generation can be controlled by adjusting the prime mover.

• Real power (PG) & Voltage Magnitude (|V|) is known


quantities.

• Phase angle (δ) & Reactive power (QD) to be find.


• For good voltage profile , AVR can be used.
Slack Bus (or) Swing Bus (or) Reference Bus
• In PS, load flows from the generator to load via Tr.Lines.
• I2R loss occurs due to losses in Tr. Line Conductors
• Power balance relations:
N N N N
PL = Σ PGi - Σ PDi QL = Σ QGi - Σ QDi
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1

• PL, QL are power losses in Tr. n/w


• PGi, QGi Generators Power, PDi, QDi Demand Power
• Known values are |V|, δ
• Unknown values are P & Q
Solution for Load flow problems
• Gauss- Seidel Load Flow Method
• Newton- Raphson Load Flow Method
• Fast-Decouple Load Flow Method

In above mentioned load flow methods,


voltage solution is assume & the iteration process
can be proceeded until the reach of convergence.
Gauss-Seidel Algorithm
1. Form Y bus matrix
2. Assume, Vk = Vk(spec)∟0⁰ at all generator buses.
3. Assume , Vk = 1 ∟0⁰ = 1+j0 at all load buses.
4. Iteration count setting (iter=1)
5. Let bus number i=1
6. If ‘i’ refer to generator bus go to step no.7,or else go to step 8
7. a. if ‘i’ refers to the slack bus go to step 9, or else go to step 7(b).

7. b. Compute Qi using,
N

Qi cal =- Im [ Σ Vi* Yij Vj ]


j=1

QGi= Qi cal + QLi


Contd…

Check for Q limit violation.


If Qi(min) < QGi < Qi(max), then Qi(spec) = Qical
If Qi(min) < QGi, then Qi(spec) = Qi(min) - QLi
If Qi(max) < QGi, then Qi(spec) = Qi(max) - QLi
If Q limit is violated , then treat this bus as P-Q bus till
convergence is obtained
8. Compute Vi using the equation,
j-1 n
Vinew = 1 Pi(spec)-Qi(spec) – Σ Yij Vjnew - Σ Yij Viold
Yij Viold * i=1 i=j+1

9. If ‘i’ is less than number of buses, increment i by 1 and go to

step 6.
Contd…
10. Compare two successive iteration values for Vi
If Vinew - Viold < tolerance , go to step 12

11. Update new voltages as


Vinew = Viold + α (Vinew - Viold)
Viold = Vinew

12. Compute relevant quantities


N
Slack bus power, S1= Pi – j Qi = V*I = Vi* Σ Yij Vj
j=1
Line flow, Sij = Pij + Qij
= Vi [ Vi* - Vj*] Yij series* + |Vi|2 Yij*
PLoss = Pij + P ji
Q Loss = Qij + Qji

13. Stop the execution.


 Advantage of Gauss Seidel Method

i. Calculation are simple.


ii. Programming task is lesser.
iii. Used for small size system.

Disadvantage of Gauss Seidel Method


i. Not suitable for larger systems
ii. Required more no.of. iterations to reach convergence.
iii. Convergence time increases with size of the system.
Newton-Raphson Algorithm
1. Form Y-bus matrix
2. Assume flat start for starting voltage solution
δi⁰ = 0, for i=1,2,…N for all buses except slack bus
|Vi⁰| = 1.0, for i=M+1,M+2,….N (for all PQ bus.
|Vi| = |Vi| (Spec) , for all PV buses and Slack bus.
3. For load bus, calculate Pi cal and Qi cal
4. For PV buses, check Q-limit violation .
If Qi(min) < Qi cal < Qi(max), the bus acts as P-V bus.
If Qi cal > Qi(max), Qi(spec)=Qi(min)
If Qi cal < Qi(min), Qi(spec) = Qi(min), the P-V bus will act as P-Q
bus.
5. Compute mismatch vector using,
∆ Pi = Pi(spec) – Pi cal
∆Qi = Qi(spec) - Qi cal
Contd….
6. Compute ∆ Pi(max) = max |∆ Pi|, i=1,2,…N(except Slack bus)
∆Qi (max) = max |∆Qi|, i=M+1….N
7. Compute Jacobian matrix using,
∂Pi |V| . ∂Pi
∂δ ∂|V|
J =
∂Qi |V| . ∂Qi
∂δ ∂|V|
8. Obtain static correction vector using
∆δ ∆P
= [J]-1
∆V ∆Q
|V|
Contnd….
9. Update state vector using,

V new = V old + ∆V
= V old + [ ∆ V / |V old | ]
= V old + [1+ {∆ V / |V old | }]

δ = δ old +∆δ

10. This procedure is continued until,

|∆ Pi | < ε and |∆Qi | < ε, otherwise go to step 3.


 Advantage of Newton – Raphson Method

i. suitable for large size system.


ii. It is faster, reliable &the results are accurate.
iii. No.of. Iteration are less to reach convergence & also
iterations are independent of the no.of.buses.

 Disadvantage of Newton – Raphson Method

i. Programming logic is complex than GS Method


ii. Required more memory.
iii. No.of.calculation per iteration are higher than GS method
For the system show in fig. determine the voltage at the end
of first iteration by Gauss Seidel method and also find the
slack bus power, line flow and transmission loss. Assume
base MVA as 100.
1. What is Power System Analysis & write the components of power
system?
2. Explain the requirements of planning the operation of a power system.

3. What is single line diagram & draw a simple diagram?


4. What are the advantages of per unit computation?

5. A generator rated at 30 MVA, 11 KV has a reactance of 20%. Calculate


its per unit reactance for a base of 50 MVA and10KV.

6. What are the functions of power system analysis?


7. Define per unit analysis of any electrical network.

8. Write the equation for per unit impedance if change of base occurs.
9. What is Y- bus matrix & write its applications?

10. How loads are represented in reactance & impedance diagram?


11. What are the information that are obtained from a power flow study?
12. Explain bus classification in power flow analysis with their known and
unknown quantities?
13. Define Voltage control bus.

14. What do you mean by flat voltage start?


15. Distinguish between Gauss Seidel and Newton Raphson methods.

16. What is the need for load flow study?


17. What are the methods mainly used for solution of load flow study?

18. Write the quantities that are associated with each bus in a system.
19. What is the need for swing (or) slack bus?

20. Write is the advantage and disadvantage of Newton Raphson Method.


21. What is P-Q bus in power flow analysis?

22. What are the application of Z-Bus?


23.Write an equation for per unit impedance .

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