3rd Nine Week Benchmark

Study Guide
1.

• Speed is the rate at which an object moves

or how fast it is changing position. The
unit of speed is distance/time like m/s or
mph.
•
• Velocity is both how fast something is
moving and in what direction.
•
• Distance is a change in an object’s position
measured in meters in the metric system.
2.
A school bus driver begins his route at 6:30
a.m. with an odometer reading of 67,930 miles.
He finishes his morning run at 9:30 a.m. and his
odometer then reads 68,005 miles. What is the
average speed of the school bus?
Remember average speed = total distance
total time
Average speed = 68005 – 67930 = 75 miles = 25 mph
3 hrs 3 hrs
 3.
A ‘unit rate’ is a how fast something changes
in a unit of time (say 1 second or 1 hour).

The denominator becomes 1 (a unit) when

you divide.


 Speed = distance / time



 Velocity = distance / time in a given direction



Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity

 time
4.

• Speed only tells how fast something is

changing position
•
• Velocity tells both how fast something is
changing position and in which direction
the object is moving
5.

• Scientists often deal with objects that are

changing direction (so velocity is
needed) or several objects moving in
relation to each other (so direction or
velocity is needed). Stating DIRECTION
in addition to SPEED completes the
motion picture!
6.

No change
Constant in distance
speed; slope so speed is
is the same zero

distance
distance

Speed
Speed increasing;
decreasing; steeper
slope is ‘flatter’ slope

time time
7.

• Acceleration shows how fast an object’s

speed is changing.


An object can accelerate by:



1.Speeding up
2.Slowing down
3.Changing direction
4.Speeding up and changing direction
5.Slowing down and changing direction
8.
Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity
 time
A car pulls off of I-85 South to an exit ramp

slowing to a speed of 40 mph from a speed

of 70 mph. It takes the car 1minute to slow

down. What is the rate of acceleration?



Acceleration = 40 – 70 mph = – 30 mph = – 0.50 mph

 60 sec 60 sec sec


The value is negative because the car is slowing down.

Note: units are distance/time/time
9.

• Because acceleration can be defined as a

change in speed AND/OR direction, an
object moving at a constant speed is
defined as accelerating if it is changing
direction.
•
• For example, a car making a turn
 moving at a constant speed of 25 mph
 is considered to be accelerating.
10.

• Velocity tells you how fast an object is

moving and the direction in which it is
moving.
•
• Acceleration tells how fast an object’s
velocity is changing… speeding up,
slowing down and/or changing
directions.
11.

• The blades of this

windmill are
constantly changing
direction as they turn
at a constant speed.
This centripetal force
is an example of
acceleration.
12.

• You must have more than one force to have

balanced or unbalanced forces.
•
• Balanced forces combine for a net force of zero
and result in no change in motion when applied
to an object at rest or no change in motion
when applied to an object moving at a constant
speed and in a straight line. In other words,
balanced forces don’t cause acceleration.
•
• Unbalanced forces combine for some positive or
negative net force. Unbalanced forces cause a
change in motion.
12a, b.

Balanced forces result in no change in an

object’s motion. The net force (after adding

forces) is zero.

FRICTION OPPOSING MOTION WHEELS PUSHING ON GROUND

Net Force = 0 resulting in constant speed (no acceleration)

12a, b.

• Unbalanced forcesresult in a change in an object’s

motion causing the object to accelerate (speed up,
slow down or change direction). The net force (after
adding forces) is either positive or negative.

Net force = 75 + (- 50) = 25 N

- 50 N + 75 N
FRICTION OPPOSING
WHEELS PUSHING ON GROUND
MOTION

Net force is positive resulting in positive acceleration Δ car speeds up.

12c.

• Balanced forces have a NET FORCE of

ZERO resulting in NO CHANGE in an
object’s motion.
•
• Unbalanced forces have a POSITIVE or
NEGATIVE NET FORCE resulting in a
CHANGE in an object’s motion.
 12d.
An object will move in the direction of the
net
force if the net force is not zero.

 Net force is – 55 N

Friction 20
Pushing with a force of - 75 N
N

Pushing with a force of - 75 N

Friction 20
Net force is – 55 N
N
12d.

An object will move in the direction of the

net
force if the net force is not zero.


He pulls up against the
pull down of gravity. The
magnitude of the forces
is equal to the weight of
the boxes with an equal
force. The net force is
zero, so the boxes do not
fall or move up.
 12d.

An object will move in the direction of the

net
force if the net force is not zero.
+ 40 N + 40 N
- 10 Net force + 30
The net force is + 30 N N N
to the right (+ direction).
Because the net force
is not zero, this pair of - 10
forces is unbalanced N
resulting in motion of
the grocery cart.
13.

The unit of measure for force is the Newton,

abbreviated N.

He’s lifting
5
barbells with a
5 weight of 5 N!
14a.
Newton’s First Law has to do with inertia which is related
to
an object’s mass.


The more mass or inertia an object has, the harder it is to

get it to move OR the harder it is to change its movement.


Also, objects that aren’t moving or that are moving at a

constant speed and in a straight line will keep doing what

they’re doing unless an unbalanced force causes the motion

to change.
The baseball has low inertia
(mass) and we can make it
move with minimal force. It
will just sit here unless an
unbalanced force is applied.
14b.
Newton’s Second Law tells us how force, mass
and acceleration are related.

Basically, if you want something to move, that

something has a mass (m). To get it to move, you

have to apply a force (F). The equation F = ma

will tell you the rate of acceleration (a).

If the dude wants to make

the ball speed up a lot (high
rate of acceleration), he is
going to have to apply a big
kick (force) to it.
14c.
Newton’s Third Law tells us that forces
come in pairs. When a force acts on an

object, that object exerts an equal and

opposite force back on the first object.

Example: When you walk down

the street, you push off of the

street and the street

pushes back on you.

15.

Newton’s Second Law tells us how force,

mass and acceleration are related.

For constant mass:

 F = ma as F↑ a↑ and as F↓ a↓
For constant Force:

 F = ma as m↑ a↓ and as m↓ a↑
For constant acceleration:

 F = ma as F↑ m↑ and as F↓ m↓
16.
How fast will a baseball accelerate if it has a
mass of 0.145 kg and is hit with a force of

3400 N?

 F = ma solving for a gives us



 a = F/m a = 3400 N / 0.145 kg



 a = 23,400 m/s/s
17.
Inertia is basically an object’s tendency to resist a
change in its current state of motion. Inertia is
proportional to mass. You can find an object’s
inertia by finding its mass.


A.
 Garbage truck, dumpster, jet plane, space
shuttle
B. An object that has high inertia (mass) will be
hard to move if it is not moving because it
encounters more static friction than an object
with less inertia (mass). It’s hard to make this
object accelerate (speed up, slow down and/or
change direction) because it has a lot of MASS
to move differently.



18.
• Mass is measured with a triple beam
balance.
•
• Inertia can be measured directly by finding
an object’s mass or indirectly by
determining how much force has to be
applied to make something accelerate.
19.
• Friction is a force that opposes motion.
Friction is due to contact of surface and
the force between them.
•
• There are several types: sliding, rolling,
fluid (including air resistance) and static
(between two surface that are not
moving).
20.

Because friction is a FORCE that acts in the

opposite direction of an applied force,
friction will SLOW an object that is moving at
a constant speed.


Static friction is also responsible for a small



part of an object’s inertia (its tendency to

NOT move).
21.

Friction OPPOSES motion so the friction

force arrow will be in the opposite direction
of motion.

MOTION

friction friction
22.
You can reduce friction by:


- Minimizing force between objects

- Making surfaces more regular or smooth
- Use wheels or change sliding to rolling
friction
- Use a fluid as a lubricant – water, oil,
grease
23. Gravity is a pulling force exerted by


anything that has mass.



24. The Law of Universal Gravity says that:

 ALL objects attract each other with a
force of gravitational attraction. Gravity
is universal.
 25. Gravity exists everywhere.


 26. Gravity is affected by an object’s mass

and it’s proximity (closeness) to other
objects.


 Gravity increases as an object’s

mass goes up (and goes down as mass
goes down).
 Gravity increases as objects get
closer together (and decreases as they
get farther apart).
27.

Remember that the pull of gravity (acceleration)

here on Earth is g = 9.8 m/s/s. This is a

CONSTANT and does not change (for the most

part).


To find an object’s speed after a certain number of

seconds, multiply 9.8 m/s/s by the number of

seconds. v = gt where g = 9.8 m/s/s and t is time



To find the distance traveled, use the formula

 h = 1/2 g t² where g = 9.8 m/s/s
 and t is the time in seconds
28.
• Satellites are able to remain in an orbital
motion because of a balance between
gravity pulling on an object (free fall) and
its forward motion at a constant speed.
When these are in balance, the satellite
maintains its orbital motion.
•
• This force is called centripetal force.
29.

Gravity from a less massive object will

produce less acceleration.
Gravity from a more massive object will

produce more acceleration.

Gravity from objects farther from each other

will produce less acceleration.

Gravity from objects that are closer together

will produce more acceleration.

30. Gravity exists everywhere.


31. An object can never truly be weightless



because gravity, that is everywhere,

gives an object weight due to the force
pulling on its mass.
32.

Both are properties of matter that is

dependent on the amount of matter in an
object.
MASS is how much stuff is in something.

WEIGHT is a measure of how gravity pulls



on something’s mass.

33.
• Tool – spring scale
•
34. MASS will not change. WEIGHT
changes depending on the source of
gravity.


•
35a.
Work (scientifically) is done on an object
when a force is applied and results in the

object moving in the SAME direction as the

applied force.

Example: When you write with a pencil, you

are doing work on the pencil because the

pencil moves in the direction in which you

push.
36.

Work = Force X Distance (in same direction)

 Newtons X meters = N ● m = joule


If you push a box with a force of 30 N and

the box moves 4 meters, how much work

have you done on the box?

 Work = F ● d = (30 N)(4 m) = 120 joules (j)

37.Carrying a bag of groceries
20 m to the car.

Or

Pushing on a stationary wall

 38. Power is the RATE at which work is
being done.


39.
Power = work Example: How much power
 time does a machine have that
 can do 500 j of work in 50
 seconds?
Power = 500 j / 50 sec = 10 watts


 40.
Because energy cannot be created or destroyed (law
of conservation of energy) using a machine does not

enable us to get more energy out than we put in.



A machine only makes the work easier to do by

changing the size of the force required or the

direction of the force. If the size of the force changes,

the distance the object moves must change too.



 Remember: Work in = Work out



 Most of the time it is Work in = Work out + heat

41.

The output force is the force that results from using a

machine. The input force is the force put into the machine.

Because the equation for work is W = F x d decreasing the

output force will increase the distance and increasing the

output force will decrease the distance.

This is the force/distance trade-off.


42.

Because machines only make doing the work

EASIER, machines do not change the AMOUNT of

work done.


The goal of machines is to make the forces and

distances change to make the work easier.
43.

 Because the equation for work is:



 Work = Force x distance



 as F ↑ d ↓ (work stays same)



 as F ↓ d ↑ (work stays same)



If the force stays the same (magnitude) and

only the direction changes, the distance will

be the same.


44.

 Refer to your simple and compound

machines table!!!


 The 6 simple machines: inclined plane;

wedge; screw; levers (1st , 2nd , and 3rd
class); wheel and axle; pulley
45.

A compound machine is a machine made of

two or more simple machines.

A bicycle is a compound machine made of

wheels and axles, pulleys (gears and

chain),
levers (the pedals) and screws that hold

things in place.
46.
The mechanical advantage of a machine

tells you how many times the machine

multiplies the force.

 MA = resistance forceExample: If a machine’s

input force is 10 Newtons and
 effort force the output force is 50 N, the
mechanical advantage is:

MA = 50 N = 5
10 N
47.
Mechanical efficiency is a comparison of the

machine’s work output with the machine’s input.



Mechanical efficiency = work output x 100

 work input
48.

Machines generate less work (output) due to the

formation of heat energy.