CSE101-Lec# 14,15, 16

• What are Arrays?

• To declare an array
• To initialize an array
• To display address of the array
• Basic program examples of 1D array
• To pass an array to a function(By reference
and By value)
• Applications and Operations on 1D Array

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 Outline
• To declare an array
• To initialize an array
• To display address of the array
• Basic program examples of 1D array
• To pass an array to a function(By reference
and By value)
• Applications and Operations on 1D Array

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 Introduction
• Arrays
– Collection of related data items of same data
type.
– Static entity – i.e. they remain the same size
throughout program execution

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 Types
• One Dimensional (e.g. int a[100])
• Multidimensional(2D,3D….)(e.g. int a[5][5], int a[5][5][5])

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 1-D array
• A single- dimensional or 1-D array consists of a
fixed number of elements of the same data
type organized as a single linear sequence.
• The elements of a single dimensional array
can be accessed by using a single subscript
• The arrays we have studied till now were 1D
array or linear array.
• Example: int a[n];

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 Arrays(1D) Name of array (Note that all
elements of this array have the
same name, c)
• Array
– Group of consecutive memory locations c[0] -45
– Same name and data type c[1] 6
c[2] 0
• To refer to an element, specify: c[3] 72
– Array name c[4] 3
– Position number in square brackets([]) c[5] -89
c[6] 0
• Format: c[7] 62
arrayname[position_number] c[8] -3
c[9] 1
– First element is always at position 0 c[10] 6453
– Eg. n element array named c: c[11] 78
• c[0], c[1]...c[n – 1]

Position number of the

element within array c
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 Arrays
• An array is an ordered list of values
The entire array Each value has a numeric index
has a single name

c[0] c[1] c[2] c[3] c[4] c[5] c[6] c[7] c[8] c[9]

c 79 87 94 82 67 98 87 81 74
91

An array of size N is indexed from zero to N-1

This array holds 10 values that are indexed from 0 to 9

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 Arrays
• Array elements are like normal variables
c[0] = 3;/*stores 3 to c[0] element*/
scanf (“%d”, &c[1]);/*reads c[1] element*/
printf (“%d, %d”, c[0], c[1]); /*displays
c[0] & c[1] element*/
• The position number inside square brackets is called
subscript/index.
• Subscript must be integer or an integer expression
c[5 - 2] = 7; (i.e. c[3] = 7)

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 Defining Arrays
• When defining arrays, specify:
– Name
– Data Type of array
– Number of elements
datatype arrayName[numberOfElements];
– Examples:
int students[10];
float myArray[3284];
• Defining multiple arrays of same data type
– Format is similar to regular variables
– Example:
int b[100], x[27];

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 Initializing Arrays
Different ways of initializing ID Arrays
1) Initializing array at the point of declaration
• int a[5]={1,2,3,4,5};
• int a[]={1,2,3,4,5};//Here compiler will automatically depict the size:5
• int a[5]={1,2,3};//Partial initialization[Remaining elements will be initialized to
default values for integer, i.e. 0]
• int a[5]={};//All elements will be initialized to zero
• int a[5]={1};//First element is one and the remaining elements are default
values for integer, i.e. 0

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 Initializing Arrays
2) Initializing array after taking input from the user
• Array is same as the variable can prompt for value from the user at
run time.
• Array is a group of elements so we use for loop to get the values of
every element instead of getting single value at a time.
• Example: int array[5], i; // array of size 5
for(i=0;i<5;i++){// loop begins from 0 to 4
scanf(“%d”, &array[i]);
}

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 Printing base address of the array and address of any array
element
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[5]={1,2,3,4,5};
int i;
printf("\n Printing base address of the array:");
printf("\n%u %u %u",&a[0],a,&a);
printf("\n Printing addresses of all array elements:");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("\n%u",&a[i]);
}
return 0;
}

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 Program example 1-WAP to read and display elements of 1D Array
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[100],n,i;
printf("\n Enter number of elements:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter array elements:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("\n Entered array elements are:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\n%d",a[i]);
}
return 0;
}

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 Program example-2 WAP to find the sum of all 1D array elements
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[100],n,i,sum=0;
printf("\n Enter number of elements:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter array elements:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sum=sum+a[i];
}
printf("\n Sum of array elements is:%d",sum);
return 0;
 
}

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 Program example 3-WAP to display the largest and smallest
element from 1D array elements
#include<stdio.h> max=a[0];
int main() for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
int n,a[10],i,max,min; {
printf("\n Enter number of elements:"); if(a[i]>max)
scanf("%d",&n); {
for(i=0;i<n;i++) max=a[i];
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
} }
min=a[0]; printf("\nMaximum element
for(i=1;i<n;i++) is: %d",max);
{ printf("\nMinimum element
if(a[i]<min) is: %d",min);
{
min=a[i];
return 0;
} }
 
}
 
 

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 Passing Arrays to Function
• Arrays can be passed to functions in two ways:
1. Pass entire array
2. Pass array element by element

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 Pass entire array
• Here entire array can be passed as an argument to
the function
• Function gets complete access to the original
array
• While passing entire array Address of first
element is passed to function, any changes made
inside function, directly affects the Original value.
void modifyArray(int b[], int
arraySize);
• Function passing method: “ Pass by Address”

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 Passing array element by element
• Here individual elements are passed to the
function as argument
• Duplicate carbon copy of Original variable is
passed to function
• So any changes made inside function does not
affects the original value
• Function doesn’t get complete access to the
original array element.
void modifyElement(int e);
• Function passing method: “ Pass by Value”

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 Passing Arrays to Functions
• Function prototype
void modifyArray(int b[], int arraySize);
– Parameter names optional in prototype
• int b[] could be written int []
• int arraySize could be simply int
void modifyArray(int [], int);
• Function call
int a[SIZE];
modifyArray(a, SIZE);

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 Program example-1 Passing Array to a function using
by reference(or Passing entire array at once)
#include<stdio.h> void reference(int x[],int size)
void reference(int[],int); {
int main() int i;
{ for(i=0;i<size;i++)
int arr[100],n; {
int i; printf("%d ",x[i]);
printf("\n Enter n:"); }
scanf("%d",&n); }
printf("\n Enter array elements:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
printf("\n Elements by reference:");
reference(arr,n);//Passing array by call by reference
return 0;
}

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 Program example-2 Passing Array to a function using by
value(or Passing element by element)
#include<stdio.h>
void value(int); void value(int u)
int main() {
{ printf("%d ",u);
int arr[100],n; }
int i;
printf("\n Enter n:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter array elements:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
printf("\n Passing elements by value:");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
value(arr[i]);//Passing array value by Call by value
}
return 0;
}

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 Application Of Array :

Stores Elements of Same Data Type

•Array is used to store the number of elements that are of same data
type.
•Eg: int students[30];
•array of marks of five subjects for single student.
float marks[5];
•array of marks of five subjects for 30 students.
float marks[30][5]
•Similarly if we declare the character array then it can hold only
character.
•So in short character array can store character variables while floating
array stores only floating numbers.

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 Array Used for Maintaining multiple variable names using single
name
Suppose we need to store 5 roll numbers of students then without
declaration of array we need to declare following -
int roll1,roll2,roll3,roll4,roll5;
1. Now in order to get roll number of first student we need to access
roll1.
2. Guess if we need to store roll numbers of 100 students then what
will be the procedure.
3. Maintaining all the variables and remembering all these things is
very difficult.
⮚ So we are using array which can store multiple values and we have
to remember just single variable name.

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 Array Can be Used for Sorting Elements
• We can store elements to be sorted in an array and then by
using different sorting technique we can sort the elements.
Different Sorting Techniques are :
1. Bubble Sort
2. Insertion Sort
3. Selection Sort

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 Array Can Perform Matrix Operation
Matrix operations can be performed using the array. We can use
2-D array
•To store the matrix.
•To perform all mathematical manipulations on matrix.
•Matrix can be multi-dimensional.

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 Searching in Arrays
• The process of finding a particular element of
an array is called searching.
• Search an array for a key value.
• Two searching techniques:
– Linear search
– Binary search

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 Linear search
• Linear search
– Simple
– Compare each element of array with key value
– Useful for small and unsorted arrays
• It simply examines each element sequentially,
starting with the first element, until it finds the
key element or it reaches the end of the array.
Example: If you were looking for someone on a
moving passenger train, you would use a
sequential search.

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 Program example-WAP to implement linear search in 1D array
element
#include <stdio.h> if(loc!= -1)
int main() {
{
printf("Element found at %d",loc+1);
int a[50];
int i, loc = -1, key,n; }
printf("\n Enter value of n:"); else
scanf("%d",&n); {
printf("\n Enter the elements:"); printf("Element not found");
  }
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
} // end main
•  

scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("Enter integer value to search in array:");
scanf( "%d", &key );
// attempt to locate searchKey in array a
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
{
if ( a[i] == key )
{
loc = i; // location of key is stored
break;
} // end if
} // end for
 

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 Binary search
• Binary search
– Applicable for sorted arrays
• The algorithm locates the middle element of
the array and compares it to the key value.
– Compares middle element with the key
• If equal, match found
• If key < middle, looks in left half of middle
• If key > middle, looks in right half of middle
• Repeat (the algorithm is repeated on one-quarter of
the original array.)

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 Binary search
– It repeatedly divides the sequence in two, each
time restricting the search to the half that would
contain the element.
– This is a tremendous increase in performance over
the linear search that required comparing the
search key to an average of half of the array
elements.
– You might use the binary search to look up a word
in a dictionary

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 Program example-WAP to implement Binary Search in 1D array elements
#include<stdio.h> else if(a[mid]>key) //Middle element is greater than key
int main() {
{ last=mid-1;//If middle element is greater than key, we
  need to search left subarray
int a[50],n,loc=-1, key, beg,last,mid,i; }
printf("\n Enter number of array elements:"); else if(a[mid]<key) //Middle element is less than key
scanf("%d",&n); {
printf("\n Enter array elements:"); beg=mid+1;//If middle element is less than key, we
for(i=0;i<n;i++) need to search right subarray
{ } //end of if else
scanf("%d",&a[i]); } //end of while
} if(loc!=-1)
beg=0; {
last=n-1; printf("element found at %d", loc+1);//Location is exact
position, not index
printf("Enter integer value to search in sorted array:");
}
scanf( "%d", &key );
else
while(beg<=last)//Loop will run until unless only one element is not
remaining {
{ printf("element not found");
mid = (beg + last) / 2; // determine index of middle element }
if(a[mid]==key) return 0;
{ }
loc=mid; //save the location of element.
break;
}

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 Dry running

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 Sorting
• Sorting data
– Important computing application
– Virtually every organization must sort some data

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 Bubble sort
Bubble sort (sinking sort)
• A simple but inefficient sorting technique.
– Several passes through the array
– Successive pairs of elements are compared
• If increasing order (or identical ), no change
• If decreasing order, elements exchanged
– Repeat

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 Bubble sort Comparing
successive elements

77 56 4 10 34 2 Original array

56 4 10 34 2 77 After pass 1

4 10 34 2 56 77 After pass 2

4 10 2 34 56 77 After pass 3
4 2 10 34 56 77 After pass 4
2 4 10 34 56 77 After pass 5

Total number of pass required for sorting: n-1

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 Bubble sort
• It’s called bubble sort or sinking sort because smaller
values gradually “bubble” their way to the top of the
array (i.e., toward the first element) like air bubbles
rising in water, while the larger values sink to the
bottom (end) of the array.
• The technique uses nested loops to make several
passes through the array.
– Each pass compares successive pairs of elements.
– If a pair is in increasing order (or the values are equal), the
bubble sort leaves the values as they are.
– If a pair is in decreasing order, the bubble sort swaps their
values in the array.

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 Bubble sort
• The first pass compares the first two elements of the
array and swaps their values if necessary. It then
compares the second and third elements in the array.
The end of this pass compares the last two elements
in the array and swaps them if necessary.
• After one pass, the largest element will be in the last
index. After two passes, the largest two elements will
be in the last two indices.

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 Program example-WAP to sort elements of 1D array in ascending order using Bubble
sort
#include <stdio.h> // loop to control number of passes(no. of passes are
always n-1)
int main() for (i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{ {
int a[100]; // loop to control number of comparisons per
pass(There is one comparison less)
int hold,i,j,n;  
printf("\n Enter value of n:"); for (j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
scanf("%d",&n); {
// compare adjacent elements and swap them if
printf("\n Enter elements:"); first
for(i=0;i<n;i++) // element is greater than second element
{ if (a[j]>a[j+1])
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]); hold=a[j];
} a[j]=a[j+1];
printf( "Data items in original order" ); a[j+1]=hold;
for (i=0;i<n;i++ ) } // end if
} // end inner for
{ } // end outer for
printf("%d ",a[i]);//Elements will printf( "\nData items in ascending order" );
come with space for (i=0;i<n;i++)
} // end for {
printf("%d ",a[i]);
// bubble sort } // end for
} // end main

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 Dry running

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 Operations on arrays
• Insertion of element into an array
• Deletion of element from an array

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 Write a program to insert an element at a given position in 1D array

#include <stdio.h> printf("Resultant array is:\n");

int main()
{
for (c = 0; c <= n; c++)
int array[100], position, c, n, value; {
printf("Enter number of elements in array:\n"); printf("%d\n", array[c]);
scanf("%d", &n); }
printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++) return 0;
{ }
scanf("%d", &array[c]);  
}  
•  
printf("Enter the location where you wish to insert
an element:\n");
scanf("%d", &position);
printf("Enter the value to insert:\n");
scanf("%d", &value);
 
for (c = n - 1; c >= position - 1; c--)
{
array[c+1] = array[c];
}
array[position-1] = value;

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 Dry running

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 Write a program delete an element from a given position in 1D array
#include <stdio.h> printf("Resultant array is\n");
int main() for (c = 0; c < n-1; c++)
{
{
int array[100], position, c, n;
printf("Enter number of elements in array\n"); printf("%d\n", array[c]);
scanf("%d", &n); }
printf("Enter %d elements\n", n); }
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)  
{  
•  
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
}
printf("Enter the location where you wish to delete
from an array\n");

scanf("%d", &position);
for (c = position-1; c < n-1; c++)
{
array[c] = array[c+1];
}

•  

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 Dry running

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