Digital Modulation System
Digital Modulation System
4.1
4.1 Introduction
The digital data we have after encoding is baseband in nature
Low power
Large bandwidth
May not be suitable for transmission over the available transmission
media .
The solution is to superimpose digital data on analogue carrier
signals
Idea is similar to the analogue modulation schemes we have studied
Digital data, more specifically, the binary data changes the properties
of the carrier signal
Amplitude
Frequency and
Phase
4.2
4.1 Cont’d
Today the conventional modulation systems are being replaced
with modern digital modulation systems due to following reasons
Ease of processing
Ease of multiplexing
Noise and etc.
Application of digital modulated systems are
Relatively Low Speed Voice Band Data Communications such
as dial-up modems
High Speed Digital Transmission Systems such as Broadband
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Digital Microwave and Satellite Communication Systems
Cellular telephone, Personal Communication Systems (PCS)
GSM, GPRS, EDGE, EVO, WiMAX, 3G, 4G!
4.3
4.1 Digital Modulation
In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a
discrete signal
4.4
4.1 Digital Modulation
4.5
4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying
ASK is implemented by changing the amplitude of a carrier signal
to reflect amplitude levels in the digital signal
For example
The carrier signal amplitude A1 can represent the binary “1” while
amplitude A2 can represent binary “0” .
Mathematically, ASK can be represented as
4.6
4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying
4.7
4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying
4.8
4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying
For the general case
A = amplitude for the carrier signal
vm(t) = NRZ encoded binary data
fc = carrier frequency
Example: Sketch the ASK waveform for the following binary data
110000111010
4.9
4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying
Bit rate and baud (rate) are related as
where,
k = number of bits transmitted per modulated symbol
4.10
4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying
4.11
4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying
4.12
4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying
Example: Sketch the 4-ASK waveform for the following binary data
110000111010
(for the sketch, assume fc = 1 Hz)
Note: 2-ASK is also called Binary ASK, since it has two amplitude
levels
4.13
4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
ASK transmitter and receiver are simple to design
Disadvantages
ASK transmission can be easily corrupted by noise! Why?
M-ary ASK (multi-level ASK) needs a much greater power to
transmit
How and why is that problem?
We have to move on to FSK, PSK and QAM
4.14
4.3 Frequency Shift Keying
FSK is implemented by changing the frequency of a carrier signal
to reflect amplitude levels in the digital signal
For example
A carrier frequency f1 can represent the binary “1” while carrier
frequency f2 can represent binary “0”
Mathematically, FSK can be represented as
Binary FSK uses two carrier frequencies and can transmit 1 bit at
a time
M-ary FSK can be used to transmit a greater number of bits at a
given time
4.15
4.3 Frequency Shift Keying
4.16
4.3 Frequency Shift Keying
4.17
4.3 Frequency Shift Keying
For the general case
A = amplitude for the carrier
signal
vm(t) = NRZ encoded binary
data
Δf = f2-f1
FSK is more robust to the effects of noise as compared to
ASK
FSK requires a larger bandwidth for transmission as compared
to ASK
Bandwidth is expensive
4.18
4.4 Phase Shift Keying
BPSK is implemented by changing the Phase of a carrier signal
to reflect amplitude levels in the digital signal
Two phases to present binary digits, for example
4.19
4.4 Phase Shift Keying
4.20
4.4 Phase Shift Keying
Four Level PSK (QPSK): Each level represents more than one bit
4.21
4.4 Phase Shift Keying
Phasor Diagram
4.22
4.4 Phase Shift Keying
Phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent data
Binary PSK
Two phases represent two binary digits
Differential PSK
Phase shifted relative to previous transmission rather than some
reference signal
Different Phase Shift Keying
Phase shift with reference to previous bit
Binary 0 – Signal Burst of same phase as previous signal burst
Binary 1 – Signal Burst of opposite phase as compare to previous
signal burst
4.23
4.4 Phase Shift Keying
DSPK Figure
4.24
4.4 Phase Shift Keying
Draw the output wave form of following data 010101001 into
ASK
BPSK
DPSK
4.25