GEOLOGICAL

HAZARDS
Rainfall induced landslides


Rainfall induced landslides

The most frequent and widespread damaging landslides are induced by prolonged
or heavy rainfall. 
SINKHOLES
 SINKHOLES
A sinkhole is a depression in the ground that has
no natural external surface drainage. Basically
this means that when it rains, all of the water
stays inside the sinkhole and typically drains into
the subsurface.
 TWO TYPES OF SINKHOLES
One form when the roof of a cave collapses and
exposes the underground cavern.
• The second type forms when water dissolves
the rock underneath soil and creates an
underground chasm. Without rock to support
it, the soil layer collapses and creates a 
hole on the surface.
Hydrometeorological Hazards
Hydrometeorological Hazards
 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Process or phenomenon of atmospheric.

Hydrological or oceanographic nature health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods
and services, social and economic discruption,
or environmental damage.
 TYPHOON
An extremely large powerful and destructive
storm that occurs especially in the region of the
Philippines or the china Sea.
Flashflood effect
Flood effect
1. Cumulunimbus
2. Darker sky
3. Low pressure
4. strong winds
5. Rising of water
Stormsurge
Effects of el niño
 La niña
• La Niña is a climate pattern that describe the
cooling of surface ocean water along the
tropical west coast of west America. La Niña is
considered to be a counter part of el Niño.
Which characterize by unusually warm ocean
temperature
FIRE HAZARDS
 FIRE HAZARD
• The first element in the fire triangle is heat, which is perhaps the most essential of fire
elements. A fire cannot ignite unless it has a certain amount of heat, and it cannot
grow without heat either.
• One of the first things firefighters do to extinguish a fire is to apply a cooling agent –
usually water. Another cooling agent is a chemical fire retardant, such as the ones used
in fire extinguishers.
• The second element in the fire triangle is fuel. A fire needs a fuel source in order to
burn. The fuel source can be anything that is flammable, such as wood, paper, fabric,
or chemicals. Once the fuel element of the fire triangle is removed, the fire will go out.
• The final element of the fire triangle is oxygen, which is also an essential component
of fire. A fire needs oxygen to start and continue. That is why one recommendation for
extinguishing a small fire is to smother it with a non-flammable blanket, sand or dirt. 
• A decrease in the concentration of oxygen retards the combustion process. In large
fires where firefighters are called in, decreasing the amount of oxygen is not usually an
option because there Is no effective way to make that happen in an extended area.
 CAUSES OF FIRE
• Arson and intentional fires Most of these fires occur outside, but most of the associated
deaths, injuries, and losses occur in structures, particularly in homes.
• Candles The top three days for home candle fires are New Year's Day, Christmas, and New
Year's Eve.
• Cooking Includes general cooking safety info, as well as tips for microwaves, cooking oil and
turkey fryers.
Cooking equipment is the leading cause of home structure fires and home fire injuries. Smoking
is the leading cause of civilian home fire deaths. Heating equipment is the second
most common cause of home fire fatalities.

• Electrical Safety in the home with circuit interrupters

• Heating The peak months for home heating fires are December, January and February.
• Smoking Smoking materials (i.e., cigarettes, cigars, pipes, etc.) are the leading cause of fire
deaths in the United States.
• Young firesetters Children playing with fire cause hundreds of deaths and injuries each year.
 CONCEPT OF
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
&
DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT
 Concept of DRR
• A disaster is a situation that causes substantial losses and
damage to communities and individuals, possibly including
losses of life and livelihood assets and damage to the
ecosystem, which leaves the affected communities unable
to function normally without outside assistance.
• Disaster risk is the likelihood that people will experience
disasters. This risk is a function of: the nature, probability
and intensity of hazards; the vulnerability of the people to
these hazards; and, inversely, of their capacities to
withstand or cope with these hazards:
• Disaster Risk Management is the application of
disaster risk reduction policies and strategies, to
prevent new disaster risks, reduce existing disaster
risks, and manage residual risks, contributing to the
strengthening of resilience and reduction of losses.
Disaster risk management actions can be
categorized into; prospective disaster risk
management, corrective disaster risk management
and compensatory disaster risk management (also
referred to as residual risk management).
"The concept and practice of reducing disaster
risks through systematic efforts to analyze and
manage the causal factors of disasters, including
through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened
vulnerability of people and property, wise
management of land and the environment, and
improved preparedness for adverse events."
 IMPORTANCE OF DRR
• Disaster risk reduction aims to reduce the
damage caused by natural hazards such as
earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, droughts and
cyclones. Reduction of damage is done by
prevention.
 Key principles
Ethical principles applied prior to disasters:
•  (i) Introduction of prevention measures;
• (ii) The importance of a good quality healthy environment;
• (iii) Education, training and awareness-raising about resilience to disasters;
• (iv) Prior information;
• (v) Participation;
• (vi) Freedom of expression;
• (vii) Access to justice;
• (viii) Disaster prevention at the workplace;
• (ix) Disaster prevention in recreation and tourist areas;
• (x) Disaster prevention in public places, particularly schools and hospitals;
• (xi) Special prevention measures for the most vulnerable groups;
• (xii) Organization of and participation in emergency drills;
• (xiii) Preventive evacuation of populations.
Community preparedness and risk reduction

In line with Strategy 2020, the International

Federation through its community preparedness
and risk reduction initiatives will contribute
towards:
• Strategic Aim 1: Save lives, protect livelihoods, and
prepare for and recover from disasters and crises
• Strategic Aim 2: Enable healthy and safer living
• Strategic Aim 3: Promote social inclusion and a
culture of non-violence
 EMERGENCY PLAN
3 STEPS

1. With your family or household members, discuss

how to prepare and respond to the 
types of emergencies that are most likely to happen
where you live, learn, work and play.
2. Identify responsibilities for each member of your
household and how you will work together as a team.
3. Practice as many elements of your plan as possible.
 Plan what to do if you have to evacuate

• Decide where you would go and what route you would take to get there,
such as:
– A hotel/motel
– The home of friends or relatives a safe distance away
– An evacuation shelter

• Grab your emergency kit, just like you will in a real emergency, then drive
your planned evacuation route. Plot alternate routes on your map in case
roads are impassable. Make sure you have locations and maps saved on
devices such as cell phones and GPS units and on paper.
• Plan ahead for your pets. Keep a phone list of pet-friendly hotels/motels
and animal shelters that are along your evacuation routes. Remember, if
it’s not safe for you to stay home, it’s not safe for your pets either.
 Plan for everyone in your home

• Some members of your household may need special

accommodation during an emergency, which means
planning ahead is even more crucial.
• Senior Citizens

• People with Disabilities

• Children

• Pets
 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)
• Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is a process that helps improve
performance and achieve results. Its goal is to improve current and future
management of outputs, outcomes and impact. It is mainly used to assess
the performance of projects, institutions and programs set up by
governments, international organisationsand NGOs. It establishes links
between the past, present and future actions.[1]
• Many international organizations such as the United Nations, USAID, the 
World Bank group and the Organization of American States have been
utilizing this process for many years. The process is also growing in
popularity in the developing countries where the governments have
created their own national M&E systems to assess the development
projects, the resource management and the government activities or
administration. The developed countries are using this process to assess
their own development and cooperation agencies.
 EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
(1) disaster risk knowledge based on the systematic collection of data and
disaster risk assessments;
(2) detection, monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards and possible
consequences;
(3) dissemination and communication, by an official source, of authoritative,
timely, accurate and actionable warnings and associated information on
likelihood and impact; and
(4) preparedness at all levels to respond to the warnings received. These four
interrelated components need to be coordinated within and across sectors
and multiple levels for the system to work effectively and to include a
feedback mechanism for continuous improvement. Failure in one component
or a lack of coordination across them could lead to the failure of the whole
system.
 SURVIVAL KIT
• A survival kit is a package of basic tools and supplies prepared
in advance as an aid to survival in an emergency. Civil and 
military aircraft, lifeboats, and spacecraft are equipped with
survival kits.
• Survival kits, in a variety of sizes, contain supplies and tools to
provide a survivor with basic shelter against the elements, help
him or her to keep warm, meet basic health and first aid needs,
provide food and water, signal to rescuers, and assist in finding
the way back to help. Supplies in a survival kit normally contain
a knife (often a Swiss army knife or a multi-tool), matches, 
tinder, first aid kit, bandana, fish hooks, sewing kit, and a 
flashlight.
 SURVIVAL SKILLS
• Survival skills are techniques that a person may use in order to
sustain life in any type of natural environment or built environment.
These techniques are meant to provide basic necessities for human
life which include water, food, and shelter. The skills also support
proper knowledge and interactions with animals and plants to
promote the sustaining of life over a period of time. Survival skills are
often associated with the need to survive in a disaster situation.[1]
 Survival skills are often basic ideas and abilities that ancients
invented and used themselves for thousands of years.[2] Outdoor
activities such as hiking, backpacking, horseback riding, fishing, and
hunting all require basic wilderness survival skills, especially in
handling emergency situations. Bush-craft and primitive living are
most often self-implemented, but require many of the same skills.
• Survival Kit Essentials You Just Can’t Live Without
• There are factors to consider before you come up with
 bits and pieces in your survival kit. You would want to
know the risks you will be facing. Basically, you will have to
determine where you’re going to use them. Each person
can have their own personalize survival kit to fit their
needs and to what purpose it will serve them most.
However, there are just things you must have. These are
just some of the items that are important to include in
your list.
•  
• 1. Water is something we really need in order
to survive. You will surely end up dead without
water for three days. You must have 2 gallons
of water per person per day for at least 3 days.
• 2. Water Purification Kits or Filters
Water filter
Since you can only bring a
limited amount of water,
there’s still a probability you’ll
run out of supply. If the
disaster lasts longer than
your stored supply then
purification kits or filters will
definitely be a lifesaver. There
are tons of these on the
market today.
• 3. Food
This may seem to be a no-brainer but the
difference comes on the purpose of the kit. If it’s
for a short-term kit only then power bars are
most convenient. Other food choices could be
MRE’s, freeze dried foods and meat jerkies.
4. Knife
This tool can do a lot of
wonders for you from making
weapons, creating fire
starters, to cutting branches
for building emergency
shelters. This certainly is the
most reliable tool ever made.
Fixed blade knives are the
best because they are durable
and require less energy when
performing tasks.
• 5. Waterproof Matches or Lighters and Fire-
starter Kits
Strike anywhere
matches stored in water
tight plastic bags or case
with a striker board and
waterproof lighters are
great because are easy
to use. Fire-starter kits
usually include fire steel
rods, tea light candle,
Vaseline-coated balls,
and fire-starter sticks.
• 6. First Aid Supplies It is not a surprise you could get
wounded or cut during and
after a disaster. If you are
unable to treat it accordingly
you could die from infection or
sickness. There are prepackaged
first aid kits in stores or you can
customize one that would meet
your needs at a more personal
level.  You can include personal
prescription medicines if you
have someone in your family
who takes them.
• 7. Handgun
• Although ammo may be limited, it would be the direct
way to get rid of a threat either animal or human. It
would also be the easiest way to kill game.
• 8. Cordage / Paracord
There’s an almost unlimited use for this item from
holding your tent down, as a fishing line to climbing. You
can wear them by coming up with various designs like a
paracord bracelet, a belt, a pet collar and so much more.
And when you need it, you can just pull it apart.
• 9. Map and Compass
Learn how to read and navigate using maps and a compass. Otherwise, it would
still be utterly useless. A GPS is alright with extra batteries, of course. But it’s
important you know how to go back to the basics in case everything else fails.
• 10. Personal Documents and Cash
In any survival scenario, one’s identity is very important such as passports,
government ID’s, and birth certificates. Include personal medical history for
each person so it will be easier for the medical personnel to know how to treat
an injured family member. The cash is for emergency purchases or renting out a
vehicle if needed.
• 11. Signaling Equipment
If cell phone service is down you will need the suggested tools to signal and
communicate with people or even search and rescue units. 
• 12. Duct Tape
Duct tape is arguably the most multifunctional item you might have in your
survival kit. It’s waterproof and durable. You can make shoes, hats, shelter, water
canteens, hammocks to anything you want. Your imagination is the limit.
• 13. Emergency Thermal Blanket
t’s small, light and keeps you warm during the night or in extreme cold weather
conditions. It can be used as an extra layer in your sleeping bag, reflective signal
device, as a lure for fish, when you combine multiple blankets together can
create a tent or temporary shelter. It has more or less 50 other uses that will
fascinate you.
• 14. Extra Change of Clothes and a Pair of Shoes
f you get yourself wet it’s important to stay dry by changing your clothes. In cold
temperatures, this will help you from getting hypothermia. When taken for
granted can absolutely kill you.
• 15. Multitool

I cannot tell you enough

just how much a multitool
really comes in handy in a
survival situation. The
more tools it can offer the
better it will be for you.
The flexibility of this item
to address almost every
need in an emergency is
almost limitless.
 Policies of DRRM / LAW
• Philippine Disaster Reduction and Management Act (RA 10121)
• Legislative (law) /  2010
• The Act shifted the policy environment and the way the country deals with
disasters from mere response to preparedness. RA 10121 provides a
comprehensive, all-hazard, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, and community-
based approach to disaster risk management through the formulation of
the National Disaster Risk Management Framework.
• A National Disaster Risk Management Plan (NDRMP) is being formulated,
developed, and implemented as the master plan that will provide the
strategies, organisation, tasks of concerned agencies and local government
units, and other guidelines in dealing with disasters or emergencies.
Through this plan, a coherent, integrated, efficient, and responsive disaster
risk management at all levels will hopefully be achieved.
 Policies of DRRM / LAW
• The law also promotes the development of capacities in disaster
management at the individual, organisational, and institutional levels. A
very important feature of this law is its call for the mainstreaming of
disaster risk reduction in physical and land-use planning, budget,
infrastructure, education, health, environment, housing, and other sectors.
• RA 10121 also recognises local risk patterns and trends and
decentralisation of resources and responsibilities and thus encourages the
participation of NGOs, private sectors, community-based organisations,
and community members in disaster management. It inhibits the full
participation of the Local Government Units (LGUs) and communities in
governance. The approach tends to be “response-oriented” or “reactive.”
This is evidenced by the widespread emphasis on post-disaster relief and
short-term preparedness, such as forecasting and evacuation, rather than
on mitigation and post- disaster support for economic recovery.
 Information and Resources from the
Government
• For weather updates and typhoon signal alerts:
• Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration (PAGA
SA)
Website: pagasa.dost.gov.ph
• Twitter: @dost_pagasa
• PAGASA hotline: (02) 433-8526
Thank you
• What the importance of Disaster risk
reduction?