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Construction of A Transformer

An iron core is a key component of a transformer that produces inductance. There are two main types of transformers: core type and shell type. Transformers experience various power losses including copper loss, core loss made up of hysteresis and eddy current loss, stray loss, and dielectric loss. The document discusses each of these loss types in transformers.

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Prince Ian F. Cruz
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36 views

Construction of A Transformer

An iron core is a key component of a transformer that produces inductance. There are two main types of transformers: core type and shell type. Transformers experience various power losses including copper loss, core loss made up of hysteresis and eddy current loss, stray loss, and dielectric loss. The document discusses each of these loss types in transformers.

Uploaded by

Prince Ian F. Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Parts of a Transformer

Transformer Lamination

“E-I” “E-E” “L-L” “U-I”

An iron core, also called a magnetic core, is a


component for producing inductance, a property that
has electrical circuits or components such as coils.

Electromagnetic induction causes an electric field by


changing the magnetic flux density.
Two Types of a Transformer
Core Type Transformer

Core type transformers are widely used on high


voltage power transformers and distribution
transformers.
Shell Type Transformer

Shell type transformers are often used in low


voltage applications.
Transformer Winding Arrangements

• Transformer windings form another important part of


a transformer construction, because they are the
main current-carrying conductors wound around the
laminated sections of the core. In a single-phase two
winding transformer, two windings would be present
as shown. The one which is connected to the voltage
source and creates the magnetic flux called the
primary winding, and the second winding called the
secondary in which a voltage is induced as a result
of mutual induction.
• If the secondary output voltage is less than that of
the primary input voltage the transformer is known as
a “Step-down Transformer”. If the secondary output
voltage is greater then the primary input voltage it is
called a “Step-up Transformer”.
APPLICATIONS
Generally, power losses of the transformer
determine by the Open-circuit test and Closed-
circuit test.

These tests help to determine the voltage


regulation, circuit constant, and efficiency of the
transformer.

Under the construction and working, transformer


power losses are divided into two forms.
• Variable loss
• Constant loss
Transformer losses can also be
classified into four different
categories.
1. Copper Loss
2. Core Loss
• Hysteresis Loss
• Eddy Current Loss
3. Stray Loss
4. Dielectric Loss
Category diagram for transformer losses:
A simple representation of power losses:
1. Copper Loss
Copper loss is called as ‘Ohmic Loss’ or ‘Variable Loss’
or ‘Resistive Loss’. It occurs in the transformer’s winding
(primary winding and secondary winding) which consists of
copper (Cu) conductor. So, sometimes core loss is also
known as ‘Winding Loss’.

How to reduce copper losses in a transformer?


> by making winding of the transformer thick so that
resistance will get minimized
> by imposing Vacuum Pressure Impregnation (VPI)
How to find the copper loss in transfromer?
It is determined by the Closed-circuit test.

Why copper loss is variable loss?


This equation concludes that copper losses vary with the
square of load current. Thus, it is called as Variable losses.
2. Core Loss or Iron loss
Also known as ‘Magnetizing current
Loss’ or Constant Loss‘. It is caused by the
generated alternating flux in the transformer core. It
depends on the core construction and magnetic
properties of the core materials like lamination,
winding thickness, lamination resistance, component
density.

How core loss is determined in transformer?


These losses are determined by the Open
circuit test or No-load test.

Core loss consists of two types of losses.

 Eddy Current Loss (Pe)


 Hysteresis Loss (Ph)
I. Eddy Current Loss
Eddy current cause by the changing magnetic field
in the transformer core.

It can be reduced by using core thin lamination.


II. Hysteresis Loss
Hysteresis loss is caused by the motion of the
magnetic field. This loss occurs due to the reversal
of magnetism.

It can be reduced by using silicon materials.


3. Stray Loss
It is caused by the magnetic leakage flux which
produces in the metallic part of the transformer such as
a transformer tank, winding, etc.

How to minimize the Stray loss in transformer?


When there is a less leakage current in the
transformer, the stray loss gets in the negligible form.
4. Dielectric Loss
Dielectric losses are caused by the insulating material
and insulation such as transformer oil. It rarely occurs as
compared to the core and copper losses.

If the transformer oil or insulation capacity gets


deteriorated, the dielectric loss increases.

How to minimize Dielectric loss in transformer?


It can be reduced by two ways.

 by using oil testing


 by maintaining insulation capacity and quality
• The total Copper losses are determined by the ohmic resistance
(R) and the load current (I) from the primary winding and
secondary winding of transformer.
• The eddy current loss od core is determined by the maximum
density in core and frequency.
• Hysteresis loss od core is determined by the maximum density in
core, core volume and frequency.
• The total Core losses are determined by eddy current loss and
hysteresis loss of transformer.

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