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Reservoir Simulation Part Three

This document provides an overview of reservoir simulation including: 1) The major laws used like conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. 2) Common simulation models like black-oil and compositional. 3) Key reservoir simulation tasks such as setting well controls and gathering reservoir data. 4) The process of building and running a simulation model including inputting data and choosing outputs. 5) Mathematical techniques used like numerical methods and upscaling.

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Agbor taku junior
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176 views

Reservoir Simulation Part Three

This document provides an overview of reservoir simulation including: 1) The major laws used like conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. 2) Common simulation models like black-oil and compositional. 3) Key reservoir simulation tasks such as setting well controls and gathering reservoir data. 4) The process of building and running a simulation model including inputting data and choosing outputs. 5) Mathematical techniques used like numerical methods and upscaling.

Uploaded by

Agbor taku junior
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF

BAMENDA
Department of Geology, Mining and Environmental Sciences

RESERVOIR STUDIES (GLYS7114)


RESERVOIR SIMULATION
PART THREE

By
AGBOR TAKU JUNIOR
(UBa19SP136)
PhD. Petroleum Geosciences Candidate

March 2020
Outline
■ Major laws used in reservoir simulation
■ Types of simulation models
 Black oil model
 Composition model
■ Reservoir simulation tasks
■ Build and run a reservoir simulation model
■ Mathematical solution in reservoir simulation
 Numerical Methods in Reservoir Simulation
 Scale/Upscale
■ History Matching
■ Simulation Uncertainties (Unceratinty sources and solution)
■ Field applications of reservoir simulation
Major laws used in reservoir simulation

1. Conservation of mass: It states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy,

the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as the system's mass cannot change, so
quantity can neither be added nor be removed. Therefore, the quantity of mass is conserved over time.

2. Conservation of momentum: For a collision occurring between object 1 and object 2 in an isolated

system, the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of
the two objects after the collision. That is, the momentum lost by object 1 is equal to the momentum
gained by object 2.

3. Conservation of energy: that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to

be conserved over time.[1] This law means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it
can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another.
Types of simulation models

Some common models include;


• Black-oil
• Compositional
• Thermal
• Generalized or IMPES
• Implicit
• Sequential
• Adaptive Implicit
• Single-porosity
• Dual-porosity
Types of simulation models (cont’d)
1) The Black-oil model: The phases are treated as components. It’s a common approach to model
immiscible two or three phases flow processes in porous media. It allows the gas to dissolve in the other two
phases, but no oil is allowed to enter in the gas phase. It can model natural depletion and most secondary
recovery processes.
Types of simulation models (cont’d)
2) The Compositional model: This is a model which explicitly acknowledged the actual compositions
of oil and gas phases due to their complicated PVT behaviour.
Reservoir simulation tasks:

The process can be break down as:


1) Choice and controls
 Locations of producers and injectors
 Well completion and down hole equipment
 Water or gas injection rates
 The production rate

2) Reservoir data
 Reservoir geology
 Drive mechanism (is there any aquifer)

3) Reservoir performance results:


 Well production rates of oil, water and gas
 Field reservoir pressure
 Individual wells pressures and PI
Build and run a reservoir simulation
model:

• Gather and input the rock and fluids data (reservoir description)
• Choose certain numerical features of the grid (number of cells, cells size, etc.)
• Setup the correct field well controls (injection rates, bottom hole pressure constrains, etc.). This drives
the model
• Choose which output you would like to have printed into a file you can then plot later

The outputs can include

• The average field pressure as a function of time


• Total field cumulative of oil, water and gas over time
• Individual well pressure (bottom hole, well head pressure)
• Spatial distribution of oil, water and gas saturations
Mathematical solution in reservoir simulation:
Mathematical techniques used in improving models include;
• Numerical methods
• Homogenization, Volumetric average

1. Numerical Methods in Reservoir Simulation


If the coefficients of linear (Pressure equation) equations were known at the current time step (n), they
could be solved as “linear system of equations” by time-lagging the coefficients. Which will give a “first
guess” to find the “unknowns”. The same problem exist for saturation equation. If we have the “first
guess” for 𝑃𝑖n+1 then we could use the latest value of pressure, time-lag coefficient and use the saturation
expression as it was an explicit expression. This would give us an updated value of 𝑆0 n+1 which then can
be used back in the pressure equation and the whole process could be iterated until convergence.

IMPES (IMplicit in Pressure Explicit in Saturation) strategy for solving the two phase pressure and
saturation equations. By taking time-lagged values for the saturations, the pressure equation is linearized
and can then be solved implicitly for the pressure, for that iteration. The saturation can then be obtained
explicitly; using the latest pressures and the most recent iteration for the saturation.
Mathematical solution in reservoir simulation (Cont’d)

2. Homogenization (Scale/Upscale):

Upscaling, or homogenisation, is
substituting a heterogeneous property region
consisting of fine grid cells with an
equivalent homogeneous region made up of
a single coarse-grid cell with an effective
property value. Upscaling is performed for
each of the cells in the coarse grid and for
each of the grid properties needed in the
reservoir flow-simulation model. It is fast
enough for timely decision
History Matching

It entails the following;

• Adjusting the simulator input in such a


way as to achieve a better fit to the
actual reservoir performance.
• The changes in the simulation model
should most closely reflect the changes
in the understanding of the field
geology.
• The field and individual wells
cumulative productions, water cuts and
pressures are those for matching
Reservoir simulation Uncertainties

Possible sources of error can be;


Uncertainty Handling;
1. Inaccuracies in the size of the reservoir, areal
The methodology involves generating
extent, thickness, net to gross.
multiple reservoir descriptions, conditioned
2. Lack of knowledge about reservoir
on the observed data. It can be done by using
architecture, sand bodies, facies distribution,
computer programs to;
shales, faults, etc.
1) Constructing a Proxy Model
3. Uncertainties in the numerical values of rock
2) Training the Proxy model
properties (porosity and permeability).
3) Predicting Performance
4. Inaccuracy in the fluid properties like
viscosity and FVF.
5. Lack of sufficient data.
Field applications of reservoir simulation
 1) Appraisal stage: Used to design the overall field development plan, in terms of:

• The nature of recovery mechanism (natural depletion, waterflood, gas injection)


• The nature of facilities required to develop the field (platform, subsea, development tieback, etc)
• The nature and capacities of plant, compression capacity, separation capacities.
• The number, locations and type of wells.
• The sequence of wells drilling.
 2) Mature field development: At this stage reservoir simulation is a tool for reservoir management
which allows the reservoir engineer to plan and evaluate different development options. At this stage,
typical simulation activities are;
• History matching in order to obtain a better tuned reservoir model.
• Using the history match to re-visit the development plan (infill drilling, injection capacities, etc).
• Review the reservoir recovery mechanism, better understating of the reservoir physics.
• Decide among smaller projects like “attic” drilling.

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