EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

By Tadesse M.
Chapter 4: Internet of Things (IoT)
 What is IoT?
 IoT is the networking of smart objects, meaning a
huge number of devices intelligently communicating
in the presence of internet protocol.
 IoT is a framework of all things that have a
representation in the presence of the internet in such a
way that new applications and services enable the
interaction in the physical and virtual world in the
form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication
in the cloud.
 IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s computing
devices through the Internet that enables the sending
and receiving of useful
data.
 The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the
2020 conceptual framework is expressed through a
simple formula such as:
IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors
 IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper
automation, analysis, and integration within a
system.
 The internet of things (IoT) has found its
application in several areas such as connected
industry, smart-city, smart-home, smart-energy,
health care, logistics, connected car, smart
agriculture, connected building and campus,,
among other domains
 IOT Domain

History of IoT
 The Internet of Things has not been around for very long.

 The development of computers began in the 1950s.

 The Internet, itself a significant component of the IoT, started

in 1962 .
 The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t

officially named until 1999.

 By the year 2013, the Internet of Things had

evolved into a system using multiple technologies,

ranging communication from micro-
electromechanical systems
 IoT - Advantages
Improved Customer Engagement – is an interaction between an
external consumer/customer (either B2C or B2B) and an
organization (company or brand) through various online or offline
channels. Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and significant
flaws inaccuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive.
Technology Optimization – using  technology to improve
existing operating processes and business models.
The same technologies and data which improve the customer
experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent
improvements to technology.
Reduced Waste - IoT makes areas of improvement
clear. Current analytics give us superficial insight, but
IoT provides real-world information leading to the
more effective management of resources.
Enhanced Data Collection - Modern data collection
suffers from its limitations and its design for passive
use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces and places it
exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our
world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.
 Efficient and Saves Time
The machine-to-machine interaction provides better
efficiency, hence; accurate results can be obtained
fast. This results in saving valuable time. Instead of
repeating the same tasks every day, it enables people
to do other creative jobs.
Saves Money
Optimum utilization of energy and resources can be
achieved by adopting this technology and keeping the
devices under surveillance. We can be alerted in case
of possible bottlenecks, breakdowns, and damages to
the system. Hence, we can save money by using this
technology.
 IoT – Disadvantages
 As the number of connected devices increases and

more information is shared between devices, the

potential that a hacker could steal confidential
information also increases.
 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every

connected device will become corrupted.

 Since there’s no international standard of compatibility

for IoT, it’s difficult for devices from different

manufacturers to communicate with each other.
 Compatibility

As devices from different manufacturers will be

interconnected, the issue of compatibility in
tagging and monitoring crops up. Today, we have
Bluetooth-enabled devices and compatibility
problems exist even in this technology!
Compatibility issues may result in people buying
appliances from a certain manufacturer, leading to
its monopoly in the market.
 Complexity
The IoT is a diverse and complex network. Any
failure or bugs in the software or hardware will
have serious consequences. Even power failure
can cause a lot of inconvenience.
Lesser Employment of Menial Staff
The unskilled workers and helpers may end up
losing their jobs in the effect of automation of
daily activities. This can lead to unemployment
issues in the society. This is a problem with the
advent of any technology and can be overcome
with education. This may create Unemployment
issue in the society.
 Technology Takes Control of Life
 Our lives will be increasingly controlled by

technology, and will be dependent on it.

 The younger generation is already addicted to

technology for every little thing.

 We have to decide how much of our daily lives

are we willing to mechanize and be controlled

by technology.
 IoT Components
i. Sensors/Devices
 First, sensors or devices help in collecting very minute
data from the surrounding environment. All of this
collected data can have various degrees of
complexities ranging from a simple temperature
monitoring sensor or a complex full video feed.
 A device can have multiple sensors that can bundle
 
together to do more than just sense things. For
example, our phone is a device that has multiple
sensors such as GPS, accelerometer, camera but our
phone does not simply sense things.
 The most rudimentary step will always remain to pick
and collect data from the surrounding environment be
it a standalone sensor or multiple devices.
 2, Connectivity
 Next, that collected data is sent to a cloud
infrastructure but it needs a medium for transport.
 The sensors can be connected to the cloud through
various mediums of communication and transports
such as cellular networks, satellite networks, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, wide-area networks (WAN), low power
wide area network and many more.
 Every option we choose has some specifications
and trade-offs between power consumption, range,
and bandwidth. So, choosing the best connectivity
option in the IOT system is important.
 3, Data Processing
 Once the data is collected and it gets to the cloud,
the software performs processing on the acquired
data.
 This can range from something very simple, such
as checking that the temperature reading on
devices such as AC or heaters is within an
acceptable range. It can sometimes also be very
complex, such as identifying objects (such as
intruders in your house) using computer vision on
video. But there might be a situation when a user
interaction is required, example- what if when the
temperature is too high or if there is an intruder in
your house? That’s where the user comes into the
picture.
 4, User Interface

Next, the information made available to the end-

user in some way. This can achieve by triggering
alarms on their phones or notifying through texts or
emails. Also, a user sometimes might also have an
interface through which they can actively check in
on their IOT system. For example, a user has a
camera installed in his house, he might want to
check the video recordings and all the feeds
through a web server.
 Challenges of IoT
Security - IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly
connected devices communicating over networks.
Privacy - The sophistication of IoT provides
substantial personal data in extreme detail without the
user's active participation.

Complexity - Some find IoT systems complicated in

terms of design, deployment, and maintenance given
their use of multiple technologies and a large set of
new enabling technologies.
Flexibility - Many are concerned about the flexibility
of an IoT system to integrate easily with another. They
worry about finding themselves with several conflicting
or locking systems.
Compliance - Its complexity makes the issue of
compliance seem incredibly challenging when many
consider standard software compliance a battle.
 IoT attacks
 IoT systems are also susceptible to known

network attacks such as denial of service (DoS)

and spoofing.
 Vulnerabilities in web applications and related

software for IoT devices can lead to

compromised systems.
How does the IoT influence security?
1, Gathering of abundant data
  IoT sensors and devices gather highly detailed

data from their environments and users. This

data is necessary for the IoT environments to
function properly. However, this data could
mean several cascading negative effects if not
secured or if stolen or otherwise compromised.
2, Connection of virtual and physical
environments
   Many IoT devices are capable of functioning
on the data they receive from their respective
environments. This ability shortens the distance
between virtual and physical systems.
 But while convenient for users, it can allow
cyber threats to translate to physical
consequences more quickly, thereby generating
a greater impact.
3, Centralization of architecture.
  Applying a traditional centralized architecture
to IoT systems can have a detrimental effect on
security. A centralized architecture means that
the data gathered by each device and sensor
will be communicated to a base station. In an
enterprise, the main database could be the very
same one used by thousands of devices that
gather an astonishing amount of data.
 This may be less costly than separate
databases, but it comes at the risk of a wider
attack surface that is intricately connected to a
single root.
 Security tips for IoT systems

1: Assess an IoT device's security before

implementation
 Many IoT devices will have security

certificates that verify their level of security and

the best way to protect them. Be sure to opt for
these devices before installing something that is
unrated or vulnerable.
2: Conduct regular security audits and risk
assessments
 Regular reporting on the state of IT network
security is a given, but be sure IoT networks are
made part of those assessments and audits.
 Don't roll them into the general IT assessment
either--make sure to treat IoT security
assessments as a separate matter with separate
considerations.
 Be sure IT decision makers are kept up-to-date
on the latest reports and threat intelligence
pertaining to IoT networks.
3, Keep software up to date
 Kaspersky's report found that 86% of
organizations had obsolete or vulnerable
software. Outdated software is a common cause of
security incidents, and that trend holds true for
IOT as well.
 If your IoT devices are tough to update, replace
them with hardware that makes that process
smooth, never let a critical update languish, and
don't put off patches until a more convenient date.
Any of those reasons for delay can be the
difference between safeguarding data and being
just one more cybercrime victim.
4, Analyze network traffic
 Kaspersky researchers found that corporate
networks are also often used for IoT device
communication. 
 If your network is pulling double-duty for both
IoT and user traffic, your cybersecurity solution
should be "designed to analyze network traffic
and detect and prevent network attacks
covering traffic from IoT devices, and integrate
the analysis into the enterprise network security
system." 
 IOT layers
1. Sensing Layer
 The main purpose of the sensing layer is to identify

any phenomena in the devices’ peripheral and obtain

data from the real world.
 Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated

through sensor hubs.

 A. Motion Sensors: Motion sensors measure the

change in motion as well as the orientation of the

devices.
B. Environmental Sensors: Sensors such as Light sensors,
Pressure sensors, etc. are embedded in IoT devices to sense the
change in environmental parameters in the device’s peripheral.
C. Position sensors: Position sensors of IoT devices deal with
the physical position and location of the device.
2. Network Layer - The network layer acts as a communication
channel to transfer data.
A, Physical Layer.
B, Data Link Layer.
C, Network Layer.
D, Transport Layer.
E, Session Layer.
F, Presentation Layer.
G, Application Layer.
3. Data Processing Layer - The data processing layer consists
of the main data processing unit of IoT devices.
 The data processing layer takes data collected in the sensing

layer and analyses the data to make decisions based on the

result.
4. Application Layer
 The application layer implements and presents the results of

the data processing layer to accomplish disparate applications

of IoT devices.
 There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart

home, personal care, healthcare, smart transportation.

IoT Platform Key features
• Manage an unlimited number of connected devices
• Set up cross-device interoperability
KAA
• Collect and analyze sensor data
• Create cloud services for smart products
ThingSpeak • Collect data in private channels
• Share data with public channels

SiteWhere Run any number of IoT applications on a single SiteWhere instance

• Connect any device

• Supports libraries written in various programming
DeviceHive
languages,including Android and iOS libraries

• Supports a wide range of hacker boards

Zetta • Zetta allows you to assemble smartphone apps, device apps, and
cloudapps
• Real-time data visualization and remote device control
ThingsBoard • Customizable rules, plugins, widgets and transport
implementations
 Applications of IoT
Agriculture - For indoor planting, IoT makes monitoring
and management of microclimate conditions a reality,
which in turn increases production.

Consumer Use - For private citizens, IoT devices in

the form of wearables and smart homes make life
easier.
 Wear ables cover accessories such as Fitbit,

smartphones, Apple watches, health monitors, to

name a few.
Healthcare - First and foremost, wearable IoT devices let
hospitals monitor their patients’ health at home, thereby
reducing hospital stays while still providing up to the
minute real time information that could save lives. In
hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the
availability, thereby cutting wait time for free space.
Transportation - By this time, most people have
heard about the progress being made with self-driving
cars. But that’s just one bit of the vast potential in the
field of transportation(GPS).

Utilities - IoT sensors can be employed to monitor

environmental conditions such as humidity,
temperature, and lighting.
 IoT Based Smart Home
 Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to

remotely manage and monitor different home

devices from anywhere via smartphones or over the
web with no physical distance limitations.
 IoT Based “smart” devices
Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely
appliances to avoid accidents and save energy.
Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity,
temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with the ability
to transmit data over long distances.
Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling
what’s inside, food that’s about to expire.
Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making
people feel safe in their daily life at home.
Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door
openings and violations to prevent intruders.
Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption
monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and resources,
& many more.
 IoT Based Smart City
In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and
autonomous vehicles, energy management, traffic management,
and security, sharing the benefits of this technology throughout
society.
Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street
lights.
Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management,
public announcement systems.
Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with
warning messages and diversions according to climate
conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams.
Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material
conditions in buildings, bridges and historical monuments.
Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking
spaces available in the city making residents able to
identify and reserve the closest available spaces,
Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in
containers to optimize the trash collection routes.
 Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags

allow the sanitation staff to see when garbage has

been put out.
 IoT Based Smart Farming
Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to
maximize the production of fruits and vegetables and its
quality.
Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in
alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial
contaminants.
Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of
animals grazing in open pastures or location in big stables,
Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of
harmful gases from excrements.
Chapter 5: Augmented Reality (AR)
 Augmented Reality (AR)
 AR is to combine, or mix, the view of the real

environment with additional, virtual content that is

presented through computer graphics.
 AR is a form of emerging technology that allows

users to overlay computer generated content in the

real world.
 Augmented Reality (AR)
 In augmented reality, users see and interact with
the real world while digital content is added to it.
 If you own a modern smartphone, you can easily
download an AR app and try this technology.
Examples of augmented reality experiences
include Snapchat lenses and the game Pokemon
Go.
 Mixed Reality (MR)
Mixed Reality (MR), sometimes referred to as hybrid reality, is
the merging of real and virtual worlds to produce new
environments and visualizations where physical and digital
objects co-exist and interact in real-time.
It means placing new imagery within a real space in such a way
that the new imagery is able to interact, to an extent, with what
is real in the physical world we know
 Virtual Reality (VR)
VR is fully immersive, which tricks your senses into
thinking you’re in a different environment or world apart
from the real world.

Most VR headsets are connected to a computer (Oculus

Rift) or a gaming console (PlayStation VR) but there are
standalone devices (Google Cardboard is among the most
popular) as well.
 Applications of AR Systems
1, AR In education
 Augmented reality allows flexibility in use that is attractive

to education. AR technology can be utilized through a

variety of mediums including desktops, mobile devices, and
smartphones.
Affordable learning materials - posters, digital illustrations,
physical models, prototypes are very expensive.
Interactive lessons - when AR technology is used in
classrooms, students can view models on their own
smartphones and get a better idea ,etc
2, AR In Medicine
Augmented reality is one of the current technologies
changing all industries, including healthcare and
medical education.
 diagnostics;
 surgery (minimally invasive surgery);
 education of future doctors;
In medicine, AR has the following applications
A, Describing symptoms - Have you ever been in a
situation when it was hard to describe to the doctor
what was bothering you?
B, Nursing care - About 40% of the first intravenous
injections fail, and this ratio is even higher in the case
of children and elderly patients.
 3, AR In Entertainment
Augmented reality can be used in various
“entertainment” industries as entertainment covers
quite a number of different industries – music,
movies, live shows, games – and all of them can
benefit from using augmented reality
A, AR in games - the AR games were praised for
increasing physical activity in people – you actually have
to move around to find your target, for example, Pokémon.
B, AR in music - music is not only about listening to
favorite tracks and putting together playlists.
C, AR in eSports - recently, the industry of eSports has
been gaining popularity in all parts of the globe.
Competitive online gaming has become as fascinating as
real sports, and the technology is following it closely with
new solutions and unusual implementations.
D, AR on TV - this may seem a bit far-fetched, as
television already shows a virtual world,
thus adding augmented reality will raise it to the second
power