ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

OF
THE PRINCIPLES
OF
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDES.

1. SECTIONS OF SOLIDS.
2. DEVELOPMENT.
3. INTERSECTIONS.

STUDY CAREFULLY
THE ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON
NEXT SIX PAGES !
 SECTIONING A SOLID. The action of cutting is called
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by SECTIONING a solid
some imaginary cutting plane &
to understand internal details of that object. The plane of cutting is called
SECTION PLANE.
Two cutting actions means section planes are recommended .

OBSERVER E
A) Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp. ASSUME PL
AN
ON V.
( This is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.) UPPER PART
REMOVED S ECT IN F

NOTE:- This section plane appears

as a straight line in FV. (A)

B) Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

( This is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
NOTE:- This section plane appears
as a straight line in TV. (B)
Remember:-
1. After launching a section plane ASSUME SE
CT
either in FV or TV, the part towards observer LOWER PART
REMOVED
ON
IN PLA
TV NE
.
is assumed to be removed. OBSERVER

2. As far as possible the smaller part is

assumed to be removed.
 For TV
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
IMPORTANT TERMS Fo
rT
IN SECTIONING. ru
eS
ha
pe

SECTION
PLANE

TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION

x y

Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)

SECTIONAL T.V.
Typical Section Planes
&
Typical Shapes
Of
Sections.
Triangle Section Plane
Section Plane
Ellipse
Through Generators
Through Apex

la
abo
Par
Section Plane Parallel Section Plane Hyperbola
to end generator. Parallel to Axis.

Ellipse Trapezium

Cylinder through Sq. Pyramid through

generators. all slant edges
 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS.
MEANING:-
ASSUME OBJECT HOLLOW AND MADE-UP OF THIN SHEET. CUT OPEN IT FROM ONE SIDE AND
UNFOLD THE SHEET COMPLETELY. THEN THE SHAPE OF THAT UNFOLDED SHEET IS CALLED
DEVELOPMENT OF LATERLAL SUEFACES OF THAT OBJECT OR SOLID.

LATERLAL SURFACE IS THE SURFACE EXCLUDING SOLID’S TOP & BASE.

ENGINEERING APLICATION:
THERE ARE SO MANY PRODUCTS OR OBJECTS WHICH ARE DIFFICULT TO MANUFACTURE BY
CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPES AND SIZES.
THOSE ARE FABRICATED IN SHEET METAL INDUSTRY BY USING
DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE. THERE IS A VAST RANGE OF SUCH OBJECTS.

EXAMPLES:-
Boiler Shells & chimneys, Pressure Vessels, Shovels, Trays, Boxes & Cartons, Feeding Hoppers,
Large Pipe sections, Body & Parts of automotives, Ships, Aeroplanes and many more.

WHAT IS To learn methods of development of surfaces of

OUR OBJECTIVE different solids, their sections and frustums .
IN THIS TOPIC ?
1. Development is different drawing than PROJECTIONS.
But before going ahead, 2. It is a shape showing AREA, means it’s a 2-D plain drawing.
note following 3. Hence all dimensions of it must be TRUE dimensions.
Important points. 4. As it is representing shape of an un-folded sheet, no edges can remain hidden
And hence DOTTED LINES are never shown on development.
Study illustrations given on next page carefully.
 Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
Cylinder: A Rectangle
Pyramids: (No.of
Cone: (Sector of circle) S
triangles)
H S

L L
D
D
H= Height D= base diameter 

Prisms: No.of Rectangles R=Base circle radius. L= Slant edge.

L=Slant height. S = Edge of base
R 3600
 = L

+
H

S S H= Height S = Edge of base

Cube: Six Squares.

Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles

All sides
equal in length
 FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side

Top side

L L
L1 L1

R
 = L
3600
+

R= Base circle radius of cone

L= Slant edge of pyramid
L= Slant height of cone
L1 = Slant edge of cut part.
L1 = Slant height of cut part.

STUDY NEXT NINE PROBLEMS OF

SECTIONS & DEVELOPMENT
Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis Solution Steps:for sectional views:
is standing on Hp on it’s base whose one side is perpendicular to Vp. Draw three views of standing prism.
It is cut by a section plane 450 inclined to Hp, through mid point of axis. Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section and Project points where edges are getting
Development of surface of remaining solid. Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration.
C
E Join those points in sequence and show
AP
SH Section lines in it.
UE B
TR D Make remaining part of solid dark.
Y1

A A B C D
E E A
d’ d” c”
c’

X1 e’ e” b”
b’

a’
X a”
Y
e DEVELOPMENT
d
For True Shape: a For Development:
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw development of entire solid. Name from
Draw projectors on it from c
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
cut points. b Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Mark distances of points Join them in sequence in st. lines.
of Sectioned part from Tv, Make existing parts dev.dark.
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
Problem 2: A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is Solution Steps:for sectional views:
standing on it’s base on Hp. It cut by a section plane 45 0 inclined Draw three views of standing cone.
to Hp through base end of end generator.Draw projections, Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
sectional views, true shape of section and development of surfaces Project points where generators are
of remaining solid. getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in
N illustration.Join those points in
TIO sequence and show Section lines in it.
C
SE Make remaining part of solid dark.
OF
E Y1 A
AP SECTIONAL S.V
SH
E o’

E N
U B

AN IO
TR

PL C T
SE
DEVELOPMENT C

X1 E
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ Y
g” h”f” a”e” b”d” c” F
g
For True Shape: h G
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
f
Draw projectors on it from For Development: H
cut points. a e Draw development of entire solid.
Mark distances of points Name from cut-open edge i.e. A. A
of Sectioned part from Tv, in sequence as shown.Mark the cut
on above projectors from b d points on respective edges.
x1y1 and join in sequence. c Join them in sequence in
Draw section lines in it. SECTIONAL T.V
curvature. Make existing parts
It is required true shape. dev.dark.
Problem 2: A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is Solution Steps:for sectional views:
standing on it’s base on Hp. It cut by a section plane 45 0 inclined Draw three views of standing cone.
to Hp through base end of end generator.Draw projections, Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
sectional views, true shape of section and development of surfaces Project points where generators are
of remaining solid. getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in
N illustration.Join those points in
TIO sequence and show Section lines in it.
C
SE Make remaining part of solid dark.
OF
E Y1 A
AP SECTIONAL S.V
SH
E o’

E N
U B

AN IO
TR

PL C T
SE
DEVELOPMENT C

X1 E
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ Y
g” h”f” a”e” b”d” c” F
g
For True Shape: h G
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
f
Draw projectors on it from For Development: H
cut points. a e Draw development of entire solid.
Mark distances of points Name from cut-open edge i.e. A. A
of Sectioned part from Tv, in sequence as shown.Mark the cut
on above projectors from b d points on respective edges.
x1y1 and join in sequence. c Join them in sequence in
Draw section lines in it. SECTIONAL T.V
curvature. Make existing parts
It is required true shape. dev.dark.
Problem 3: A cone 40mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp( lying on Hp) which
is // to Vp.. Draw it’s projections.It is cut by a horizontal section plane through it’s base center. Draw
sectional TV, development of the surface of the remaining part of cone.

Follow similar solution steps for Sec.views - True shape – Development as per previous problem!

o’ DEVELOPMENT
A

a’
B

’b h
HORIZONTAL

’ c’g
SECTION PLANE C

’
d’f’ D
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ o’ Y
e’

g O E
g1
h f f1 h1 F

a e e1 a1 o1 G
O
H
b d d1 b1
A
c c1
SECTIONAL T.V
(SHOWING TRUE SHAPE OF SECTION)
 Note the steps to locate Problem 4: A hexagonal prism. 30 mm base side &
Points 1, 2 , 5, 6 in sec.Fv: 55 mm axis is lying on Hp on it’s rect.face with axis
Those are transferred to // to Vp. It is cut by a section plane normal to Hp and
1st TV, then to 1st Fv and 300 inclined to Vp bisecting axis.
a’ b’ c’ f’ d’ e’ Then on 2nd Fv. Draw sec. Views, true shape & development.

3
SECTIONAL F.V. Use similar steps for sec.views & true shape.

a’ b’
4
NOTE: for development, always cut open object from
2 5 From an edge in the boundary of the view in which
sec.plane appears as a line.

c’ f’
Here it is Tv and in boundary, there is c1 edge.Hence
1 6 it is opened from c and named C,D,E,F,A,B,C.
X Y

d’ e’
8 7
f
1 ,2 f1
3 ,8
e a1 e1
a
A.V.P300 inclined to Vp
4 ,7
Through mid-point of axis.
b d b1 d1
5 ,6
AS SECTION PLANE IS IN T.V.,
c c1 CUT OPEN FROM BOUNDRY EDGE C1 FOR DEVELOPMENT.
X1 8
1
C D E F A B C

2 7

Y1
3 6
TR
UE
SH
AP
EO
FS
EC 4 5
T IO
N
DEVELOPMENT
 Problem 5:A solid composed of a half-cone and half- hexagonal pyramid is
A PE shown in figure.It is cut by a section plane 450 inclined to Hp, passing through
SH2 3
UE mid-point of axis.Draw F.v., sectional T.v.,true shape of section and
TR 4 development of remaining part of the solid.
Y1 ( take radius of cone and each side of hexagon 30mm long and axis 70mm.)
5
1 O’ Note:
6 A Fv & TV 8f two solids

NT
sandwiched

ME
7 B Section lines style in both:

P
LO
Development of
4’

VE
half cone & half pyramid:

DE
3’
X1 5’ C
2’ 6’ F.V. 4 2
3

1 D
1’ 7’
X Y
d’e’ c’f’ g’b’ a’ O
f
E
g 7
6
e 5
SECTIONAL 7 4 5 6
4
TOP VIEW. a
F
1 3
d 2 b G

c
A
Problem 6: Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
circle.If the semicircle is development of a cone and inscribed circle is some VIEWS FROM GIVEN
curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve.
DEVELOPMENT.

E
D F
o’ R=Base circle radius. 4
L=Slant height. 3 5
R 3600 C G
 = L

+
1’
L 7’ 2 6
B H
6’
2’
1
3’ 5’ 4’
 7
X a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ d’f’ e’ Y A A
O
g L
6
h f Solution Steps:
5
Draw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it
a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc.
a 7
o Semicircle being dev.of a cone it’s radius is slant height of cone.( L )
4 e
Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data
1
draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name.
Take o -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o’a’ on Fv & bring on o’b’
b 3 d and name 1’ Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv
2
on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
c
Problem 7:Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
rhombus.If the semicircle is development of a cone and rhombus is some curve
VIEWS FROM GIVEN
on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve.
DEVELOPMENT.

Solution Steps:
o’ Similar to previous
Problem:
E
D F
4
C 3 5 G
2 6
1 7
2’ 6’
B H
3’ 5’
a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ 
X 1’ 7’ 4’ Y
g A A
O L
7 6
h f
5
R=Base circle radius.
L=Slant height.
R 3600
a 4 e  = L

+
b 3
d
2
1
c
 Problem 8: A half cone of 50 mm base diameter, 70 mm axis, is standing on it’s half base on HP with it’s flat face
parallel and nearer to VP.An inextensible string is wound round it’s surface from one point of base circle and
brought back to the same point.If the string is of shortest length, find it and show it on the projections of the cone.

TO DRAW A CURVE ON
PRINCIPAL VIEWS
FROM DEVELOPMENT. Concept: A string wound
from a point up to the same
o’ Point, of shortest length
A Must appear st. line on it’s
Development.
B
Solution steps:
Hence draw development,
1 C Name it as usual and join
A to A This is shortest
2’ 3’ 4’ D Length of that string.
1’ 2
Further steps are as usual.
3 On dev. Name the points of
Intersections of this line with
X Y 4 E
a’ b’ c’ d’ e’ Different generators.Bring
O Those on Fv & Tv and join
a o 4 e
by smooth curves.
Draw 4’ a’ part of string dotted
3 As it is on back side of cone.
1 2
b d
c

A
Problem 9: A particle which is initially on base circle of a cone, standing
on Hp, moves upwards and reaches apex in one complete turn around the cone.
Draw it’s path on projections of cone as well as on it’s development.
Take base circle diameter 50 mm and axis 70 mm long.

It’s a construction of curve

o’
Helix of one turn on cone:
7’ DEVELOPMENT
HELIX CURVE Draw Fv & Tv & dev.as usual
6’
A On all form generators & name.
5’ Construction of curve Helix::
4’ Show 8 generators on both views
B
3’
2’ 1 Divide axis also in same parts.
1’ C Draw horizontal lines from those
2
points on both end generators.
X Y D
1’ is a point where first horizontal
a’ h’b’ c’ gg’ f’ d’ e’ Line & gen. b’o’ intersect.
3
2’ is a point where second horiz.
h f O 4 E
7 Line & gen. c’o’ intersect.
6 6 5 In this way locate all points on Fv.
5
7 Project all on Tv.Join in curvature.
a e F
O 4 For Development:
3 G Then taking each points true
b 1 d Distance From resp.generator
2
H from apex, Mark on development
c
& join.
A
 INTERPENETRATION OF SOLIDS
WHEN ONE SOLID PENETRATES ANOTHER SOLID THEN THEIR SURFACES INTERSECT
AND
AT THE JUNCTION OF INTERSECTION A TYPICAL CURVE IS FORMED,
WHICH REMAINS COMMON TO BOTH SOLIDS.

THIS CURVE IS CALLED CURVE OF INTERSECTION

AND
IT IS A RESULT OF INTERPENETRATION OF SOLIDS.
PURPOSE OF DRAWING THESE CURVES:-
WHEN TWO OBJECTS ARE TO BE JOINED TOGATHER, MAXIMUM SURFACE CONTACT BETWEEN BOTH
BECOMES A BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR STRONGEST & LEAK-PROOF JOINT.
Curves of Intersections being common to both Intersecting solids,
show exact & maximum surface contact of both solids.

Study Following Illustrations Carefully.

Minimum Surface Contact.

( Point Contact) (Maximum Surface Contact)
Lines of Intersections. Curves of Intersections.

Square Pipes. Circular Pipes. Square Pipes. Circular Pipes.

 SOME ACTUAL OBJECTS ARE SHOWN, SHOWING CURVES OF
INTERSECTIONS.
BY WHITE ARROWS.

A machine component having An Industrial Dust collector. Intersection of a Cylindrical

two intersecting cylindrical Intersection of two cylinders. main and Branch Pipe.
surfaces with the axis at
acute angle to each other.

Pump lid having shape of a

A Feeding Hopper Forged End of a Two Cylindrical hexagonal Prism and
In industry. Connecting Rod. surfaces. Hemi-sphere intersecting
each other.
FOLLOWING CASES ARE SOLVED. COMMON SOLUTION STEPS
REFFER ILLUSTRATIONS One solid will be standing on HP
AND Other will penetrate horizontally.
NOTE THE COMMON Draw three views of standing solid.
CONSTRUCTION Name views as per the illustrations.
FOR ALL Beginning with side view draw three
1.CYLINDER TO CYLINDER2. Views of penetrating solids also.
On it’s S.V. mark number of points
2.SQ.PRISM TO CYLINDER And name those(either letters or nos.)
The points which are on standard
3.CONE TO CYLINDER generators or edges of standing solid,
( in S.V.) can be marked on respective
4.TRIANGULAR PRISM TO generators in Fv and Tv. And other
CYLNDER points from SV should be brought to
Tv first and then projecting upward
5.SQ.PRISM TO SQ.PRISM To Fv.
Dark and dotted line’s decision should
6.SQ.PRISM TO SQ.PRISM be taken by observing side view from
( SKEW POSITION) it’s right side as shown by arrow.
7.SQARE PRISM TO CONE ( from Accordingly those should be joined
top ) by curvature or straight lines.
Note:
8.CYLINDER TO CONE Incase cone is penetrating solid Side view is not necessary.
Similarly in case of penetration from top it is not required.
roblem: A cylinder 50mm dia.and 70mm axis is completely penetrated CASE 1.
y another of 40 mm dia.and 70 mm axis horizontally Both axes intersectCYLINDER STANDING
& bisect each other. Draw projections showing curves of intersections. &
CYLINDER PENETRATING
1’ 2’4’ 3’ 4” 1”3” 2”

a’ a”
b ’h’ h” b”

c’g’ g” c”

d’f’ f” d”
a’ e”
X Y

1 3

2
 oblem: A cylinder 50mm dia.and 70mm axis is completely penetrated CASE 2.
y a square prism of 25 mm sides.and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes CYLINDER STANDING
tersect & bisect each other. All faces of prism are equally inclined to Hp. &
raw projections showing curves of intersections. SQ.PRISM PENETRATING
1’ 2’4’ 3’ 4” 1”3” 2”

a’ a’ a”

b’ b’ d” b”
d’ d’

c’ c’
c”
X Y

1 3

2
 CASE 3.
oblem: A cylinder of 80 mm diameter and 100 mm axis
CYLINDER STANDING
completely penetrated by a cone of 80 mm diameter and
&
20 mm long axis horizontally.Both axes intersect & bisect
CONE PENETRATING
ch other. Draw projections showing curve of intersections.

7’

6’ 8’

1’ 5’

2’ 4’
3’
X Y

28

37

46
5
oblem: A sq.prism 30 mm base sides.and 70mm axis is completely penetrated CASE 4.
another square prism of 25 mm sides.and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes
SQ.PRISM STANDING
tersects & bisect each other. All faces of prisms are equally inclined to Vp. &
aw projections showing curves of intersections. SQ.PRISM PENETRATING

1’ 2’4’ 3’ 4” 1”3” 2”

a’ a’ a”

b’ b’ d” b”
d’ d’

c’ c’
c”
X Y
4

1 3

2
roblem: A cylinder 50mm dia.and 70mm axis is completely penetrated
y a triangular prism of 45 mm sides.and 70 mm axis, horizontally.
ne flat face of prism is parallel to Vp and Contains axis of cylinder.
raw projections showing curves of intersections.

CASE 5. CYLINDER STANDING & TRIANGULAR PRISM PENETRATING

1’ 2’4’ 3’ 4” 1”3” 2”

a a a

b b
b c
c
d
e e d
e
f f f
X Y
4

1 3

2
Problem: A sq.prism 30 mm base sides.and 70mm axis is CASE 6.
completely penetrated by another square prism of 25 mm side SQ.PRISM STANDING
s.and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes Intersect & bisect &
each other.Two faces of penetrating prism are 30 0 inclined to Hp. SQ.PRISM PENETRATING
Draw projections showing curves of intersections. (300 SKEW POSITION)
1’ 2’4’ 3’ 4” 1”3” 2”

a’
f’ f” a”
e’
e”
b”
b’
c’
d’ d” c”
X 300 Y
4

1 3

2
 CASE 7.
CONE STANDING & SQ.PRISM PENETRATING
(BOTH AXES VERTICAL)
2’

1’

3’

5’

4’
6’
X a’ b’h’ c’g’ d’f’ e’ Y
g

h 8
f
9 7
10
1
6 Problem: A cone70 mm base diameter and 90 mm axi
a e is completely penetrated by a square prism from top
2 with it’s axis // to cone’s axis and 5 mm away from it.
5
3 a vertical plane containing both axes is parallel to Vp.
b 4 d Take all faces of sq.prism equally inclined to Vp.
c
Base Side of prism is 0 mm and axis is 100 mm long.
5 mm OFF-SET
Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
oblem: A vertical cone, base diameter 75 mm and axis 100 mm long, CASE 8.
completely penetrated by a cylinder of 45 mm diameter. The axis of the CONE STANDING
inder is parallel to Hp and Vp and intersects axis of the cone at a point &
mm above the base. Drawo’ projections showing curves of intersection. CYLINDER PENETRATING
o”

1 1
2 8,2 8 1
2
7 3
3 3
7,
4 64 6 4
5 5 5
X a’ b’h’ c’g’ d’f’ e’ g” g”h” a”e” b”d” c” Y
g

h f

a e

b d

c
 ISOMETRIC DRAWING TYPICAL CONDITION.
IT IS A TYPE OF PICTORIAL PROJECTION IN THIS 3-D DRAWING OF AN OBJECT,
IN WHICH ALL THREE DIMENSIONS OF ALL THREE DIMENSIONAL AXES ARE
AN OBJECT ARE SHOWN IN ONE VIEW AND MENTAINED AT EQUAL INCLINATIONS
IF REQUIRED, THEIR ACTUAL SIZES CAN BE WITH EACH OTHER.( 1200)
MEASURED DIRECTLY FROM IT.

3-D DRAWINGS CAN BE DRAWN NOW OBSERVE BELOW GIVEN DRAWINGS.

IN NUMEROUS WAYS AS SHOWN BELOW. ONE CAN NOTE SPECIFIC INCLINATION
ALL THESE DRAWINGS MAY BE CALLED AMONG H, L & D AXES.
3-DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS, ISO MEANS SAME, SIMILAR OR EQUAL.
OR PHOTOGRAPHIC HERE ONE CAN FIND
OR PICTORIAL DRAWINGS. EDUAL INCLINATION AMONG H, L & D AXES.
HERE NO SPECIFIC RELATION EACH IS 1200 INCLINED WITH OTHER TWO.
AMONG H, L & D AXES IS MENTAINED. HENCE IT IS CALLED ISOMETRIC DRAWING

H
H H
PURPOSE OF ISOMETRIC DRAWING IS TO UNDERSTAND
VERALL SHAPE, SIZE & APPEARANCE OF AN OBJECT PRIOR TO IT’S PRODUCTION
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS:

ISOMETRIC AXES, LINES AND PLANES:

The three lines AL, AD and AH, meeting at point A and making
1200 angles with each other are termed Isometric Axes.
A
The lines parallel to these axes are called Isometric Lines.

The planes representing the faces of of the cube as well as

other planes parallel to these planes are called Isometric Planes. H
ISOMETRIC SCALE:
When one holds the object in such a way that all three dimensions
are visible then in the process all dimensions become proportionally
inclined to observer’s eye sight and hence appear apparent in lengths.

This reduction is 0.815 or 9 / 11 ( approx.) It forms a reducing scale which

Is used to draw isometric drawings and is called Isometric scale.

In practice, while drawing isometric projection, it is necessary to convert

true lengths into isometric lengths for measuring and marking the sizes.
This is conveniently done by constructing an isometric scale as described
 TYPES OF ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

ISOMETRIC VIEW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

Drawn by using True scale Drawn by using Isometric scale
( True dimensions ) ( Reduced dimensions )

D
4

H
S
TH 2 C H
NG 4
LE
RUE
T 1 3

2 THS
NG
. LE CONSTRUCTION OF ISOM.SCALE.
0
1 ISOM From point A, with line AB draw 30 0 and
450 inclined lines AC & AD resp on AD.
450 Mark divisions of true length and from
0 300
A B each division-point draw vertical lines
Isometric scale [ Line AC ] upto AC line.
The divisions thus obtained on AC
required for Isometric Projection give lengths on isometric scale.
1 SHAPE Isometric view if the Shape is
ISOMETRIC
OF F.V. or T.V.
D
PLANE FIGURES H
RECTANGLE D
A D A L
AS THESE ALL ARE L
2-D FIGURES C D C
WE REQUIRE ONLY TWO A
ISOMETRIC AXES.
B C B B
IF THE FIGURE IS FRONT VIEW, B
H & L AXES ARE REQUIRED. H
TRIANGLE 3 B
1 L 3
IF THE FIGURE IS TOP VIEW, D B 1
L
& L AXES ARE REQUIRED. A D A
3
1
Shapes containing
2 A 2 2
Inclined lines should be
enclosed in a rectangle 4
PENTAGON H E
as shown. E
1 4 1 D 4
Then first draw isom. of
that rectangle and then D
E
A D A
inscribe that shape as it D L
is. L 1 3
3 A C
C
2 3 B B
B C 2 2
 STUDY 2
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS

DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A

CIRCLE IF IT IS A TV OR FV.

FIRST ENCLOSE IT IN A SQUARE.

IT’S ISOMETRIC IS A RHOMBUS WITH
D & L AXES FOR TOP VIEW.
THEN USE H & L AXES FOR ISOMETRIC

B
WHEN IT IS FRONT VIEW.
FOR CONSTRUCTION USE RHOMBUS
METHOD SHOWN HERE. STUDY IT.
2

C
4
A B

3 4

3
A

1
D C

D
1
 3
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
25 R

DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE FIGURE

SHOWN WITH DIMENTIONS (ON RIGHT SIDE)
CONSIDERING IT FIRST AS F.V. AND THEN T.V.
50 MM

IF FRONT VIEW

100 MM

IF TOP VIEW
 ISOMETRIC SHAPE IF F.V. IF T.V. 4
OF
PLANE FIGURES HEXAGON

AS THESE ALL ARE

2-D FIGURES
WE REQUIRE ONLY
TWO ISOMETRIC AXES.
CIRCLE

IF THE FIGURE IS
FRONT VIEW, H & L
AXES ARE REQUIRED.

IF THE FIGURE IS TOP

VIEW, D & L AXES AREFor Isometric of Circle/Semicircle use Rhombus method. Construct Rhomb
REQUIRED. of sides equal to Diameter of circle always. ( Ref. topic ENGG. CURVES.
SEMI CIRCLE
For Isometric of
Circle/Semicircle
use Rhombus method.
Construct it of sides equal
to diameter of circle always.
( Ref. Previous two pages.)
 5
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS ISOMETRIC VIEW OF
PENTAGONAL PYRAMID
STANDING ON H.P.
(Height is added from center of pentagon)

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF BASE OF

PENTAGONAL PYRAMID
STANDING ON H.P.

4
4
D
D E
E
D L D
L
1 3 1 3
A C
A C
B
2
B
2
 6
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF
PENTAGONALL PRISM
LYING ON H.P.

4
H E
1 D

A
L
3
C
B
2
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF
HEXAGONAL PRISM
STANDING ON H.P.
 7
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
CYLINDER STANDING ON H.P.

CYLINDER LYING ON H.P.

 8
STUDY
Z HALF CYLINDER
ILLUSTRATIONS
STANDING ON H.P.
( ON IT’S SEMICIRCULAR BASE)

HALF CYLINDER
LYING ON H.P.
( with flat face // to H.P.)
 9
STUDY ISOMETRIC VIEW OF
Z A FRUSTOM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
ILLUSTRATIONS
STANDING ON H.P. ON IT’S LARGER BASE.

60
FV

X Y

40 20

TV
 STUDY 10
ILLUSTRATION

PROJECTIONS OF FRUSTOM OF ISOMETRIC VIEW

PENTAGONAL PYRAMID ARE GIVEN. OF
FRUSTOM OF PENTAGONAL PYRAMID
DRAW IT’S ISOMETRIC VIEW.

SOLUTION STEPS:
60 60
FV

20
FIRST DRAW ISOMETRIC
OF IT’S BASE.

x y THEN DRAWSAME SHAPE

AS TOP, 60 MM ABOVE THE
E
1 4 BASE PENTAGON CENTER.
A
THEN REDUCE THE TOP TO
20 MM SIDES AND JOIN WITH
TV 40 20 D THE PROPER BASE CORNERS.

40
2 3
C
 ISOMETRIC VIEW OF 11
STUDY A FRUSTOM OF CONE
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS STANDING ON H.P. ON IT’S LARGER BASE.

60
FV

X Y

40 20

TV
 PROBLEM: A SQUARE PYRAMID OF 30 MM BASE SIDES AND 12
STUDY 50 MM LONG AXIS, IS CENTRALLY PLACED ON THE TOP OF A
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS CUBE OF 50 MM LONG EDGES.DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE PAIR.

50

30

50
 13
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS

c
PROBLEM: A TRIANGULAR PYRAMID
OF 30 MM BASE SIDES AND 50 MM a
LONG AXIS, IS CENTRALLY PLACED o
ON THE TOP OF A CUBE OF 50 MM p a
LONG EDGES. b
DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE PAIR.
o c
p

SOLUTION HINTS.
TO DRAW ISOMETRIC OF A CUBE IS SIMPLE. DRAW IT AS USUAL.

BUT FOR PYRAMID AS IT’S BASE IS AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE,

IT CAN NOT BE DRAWN DIRECTLY.SUPPORT OF IT’S TV IS REQUIRED.

SO DRAW TRIANGLE AS A TV, SEPARATELY AND NAME VARIOUS POINTS AS SHOWN.

AFTER THIS PLACE IT ON THE TOP OF CUBE AS SHOWN.
THEN ADD HEIGHT FROM IT’S CENTER AND COMPLETE IT’S ISOMETRIC AS SHOWN.
 14
STUDY PROBLEM:
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
A SQUARE PLATE IS PIERCED THROUGH CENTRALLY
BY A CYLINDER WHICH COMES OUT EQUALLY FROM BOTH FACES
OF PLATE. IT’S FV & TV ARE SHOWN. DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW.

FV 30

10

30

30 D

50 +

50

TV
 15
STUDY PROBLEM:
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS A CIRCULAR PLATE IS PIERCED THROUGH CENTRALLY
BY A SQUARE PYRAMID WHICH COMES OUT EQUALLY FROM BOTH FACES
OF PLATE. IT’S FV & TV ARE SHOWN. DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW.

FV 30

10

30

40 SQUARE

60 D
TV
 16
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

10

20
40

FV

40

X
Y

TV

50 D 30 D
 STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS OF SPHERE & HEMISPHERE 17

450 r

on
R

c ti
r

ire
r 300 R

-D
r

Iso
Isom. Scale
P

C
r r
R C
R TO DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
R OF A HEMISPHERE
P r
P Adopt same procedure.
Draw lower semicircle only.
C = Center of Sphere. Then around ‘C’ construct
P = Point of contact Rhombus of Sides equal to
Isometric Diameter.
R = True Radius of Sphere For this use iso-scale.
r = Isometric Radius. Then construct ellipse in
TO DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A SPHERE this Rhombus as usual
1. FIRST DRAW ISOMETRIC OF SQUARE PLATE. And Complete
2. LOCATE IT’S CENTER. NAME IT P. Isometric-Projection
3. FROM PDRAW VERTICAL LINE UPWARD, LENGTH ‘ r mm’ of Hemi-sphere.
AND LOCATE CENTER OF SPHERE “C”
4. ‘C’ AS CENTER, WITH RADIUS ‘R’ DRAW CIRCLE.
THIS IS ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A SPHERE.
PROBLEM: 18
STUDY
A HEMI-SPHERE IS CENTRALLY PLACED
ON THE TOP OF A FRUSTOM OF CONE. Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS OF THE ASSEMBLY.

r
50 D
R r
30 D
r
50
P

50 D

FIRST CONSTRUCT ISOMETRIC SCALE.

USE THIS SCALE FOR ALL DIMENSIONS
IN THIS PROBLEM.

R 450

r 300
 19
STUDY A SQUARE PYRAMID OF 40 MM BASE SIDES AND 60 MM AXIS
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
IS CUT BY AN INCLINED SECTION PLANE THROUGH THE MID POINT
OF AXIS AS SHOWN.DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF SECTION OF PYRAMID.

3’ 4’

3 1’2’

X Y
1 a d
1
4

2
o

3
b 2 c
 20
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

50

O
X Y

20

25

O 25 20
 21
STUDY
Z F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.
ILLUSTRATIONS

35
FV

35

10
x y
O

10 20 30

40

70

TV
O
 22
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS F.V. & T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view

FV

30 10 30 SV

30

10

30
x y

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

TV
 24
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS F.V. & T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV SV

x y

10
40 60

40
TV
60
 25
STUDY F.V. & T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV SV

x y
10

40 60

40 TV

60
26
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. & T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

20

20

20
x y
O 50
20

30

20 20 20
O

TOP VIEW
 27
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given.
Draw it’s isometric view.

30 SQUARE
40 20

50

20
10

O 30
60
F.V.
S.V.
O
 28
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

FV
40

10
O 45
30 D

10
50
O

80

TV
 29
STUDY F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS

FV 40

X O 10 Y
100
10
25
TV
10 30 10
25
30 R O
20 D
 30
STUDY F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS

30

FV
RECT.
SLOT

10 50
35

10
X Y
O
20 D

TV

60 D
30 D

O
 31
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

10

25 15

25
40 10

25

25

O O
80 25

F.V. S.V.
 32
STUDY F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS

450

30
FV

40

X Y
O
30 D

40 TV

15
40
O
 33
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given.
Draw it’s isometric view.

HEX PART
30
20
20
40
20

O 50
20
15

O 30
100 60
 34
STUDY F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
20 40

F.V.
30

10
X Y
O

10

30

10

30
O 80

T.V.
 F.V. and S.V.of an object are given. 35
Draw it’s isometric view.

STUDY
10 10 15
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
25

25
X Y
O 50 10
FV LSV

36
NOTE THE SMALL CHZNGE IN 2ND FV & SV.
DRAW ISOMETRIC ACCORDINGLY.

10

X Y
O FV LSV
 37
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS

F.V. and S.V.of an object are given.

Draw it’s isometric view.

30 20 10 20

15
10

15

O 15
30

15
X O Y
50

F.V. LEFT S.V.

 38
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given.
Draw it’s isometric view.

30 10

60

30
O

O 40 40
F.V. S.V.
 EXERCISES:

PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES

1. A line AB is in first quadrant. Its ends A and B are 25mm and 65mm in front of
VP respectively. The distance between the end projectors is 75mm. The line is
inclined at 300 to VP and its VT is 10mm above HP. Draw the projections of AB
and determine its true length and HT and inclination with HP.
2. A line AB measures 100mm. The projections through its VT and end A are
50mm apart. The point A is 35mm above HP and 25mm in front VP. The VT is
15mm above HP. Draw the projections of line and determine its HT and
Inclinations with HP and VP.
3. Draw the three views of line AB, 80mm long, when it is lying in profile plane
and inclined at 350 to HP. Its end A is in HP and 20mm in front of VP, while other
end B is in first quadrant. Determine also its traces.
4. A line AB 75 mm long, has its one end A in VP and other end B 15mm above
HP and 50mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of line when sum of
inclinations with HP and VP is 900. Determine the true angles of inclination and
show traces.
5. A line AB is 75mm long and lies in an auxiliary inclined plane (AIP) which
makes an angle of 450 with the HP. The front view of the line measures 55mm.
The end A is in VP and 20mm above HP. Draw the projections of the line AB and
find its inclination with HP and VP.
APPLICATIONS OF LINES
Room , compound wall cases
7) A room measures 8m x 5m x4m high. An electric point hang in the center of ceiling
and 1m below it. A thin straight wire connects the point to the switch in one of the
corners of the room and 2m above the floor. Draw the projections of the and its length
and slope angle with the floor.
8) A room is of size 6m\5m\3.5m high. Determine graphically the real distance
between the top corner and its diagonally apposite bottom corners. consider
appropriate scale
9) Two pegs A and B are fixed in each of the two adjacent side walls of the rectangular
room 3m x 4m sides. Peg A is 1.5m above the floor, 1.2m from the longer side wall
and is protruding 0.3m from the wall. Peg B is 2m above the floor, 1m from other side
wall and protruding 0.2m from the wall. Find the distance between the ends of the two
pegs. Also find the height of the roof if the shortest distance between peg A and and
center of the ceiling is 5m.
10) Two fan motors hang from the ceiling of a hall 12m x 5m x 8m high at heights of
4m and 6m respectively. Determine graphically the distance between the motors. Also
find the distance of each motor from the top corner joining end and front wall.
11) Two mangos on a two tree are 2m and 3m above the ground level and 1.5m and
2.5m from a 0.25m thick wall but on apposite sides of it. Distances being measured
from the center line of the wall. The distance between the apples, measured along
POLES,ROADS, PIPE LINES,, NORTH- EAST-SOUTH WEST, SLOPE AND
GRADIENT CASES.
12)Three vertical poles AB, CD and EF are lying along the corners of equilateral triangle
lying on the ground of 100mm sides. Their lengths are 5m, 8m and 12m respectively. Draw
their projections and find real distance between their top ends.
13) A straight road going up hill from a point A due east to another point B is 4km long and
has a slop of 250. Another straight road from B due 300 east of north to a point C is also 4
kms long but going downward and has slope of 150. Find the length and slope of the straight
road connecting A and C.
14) An electric transmission line laid along an uphill from the hydroelectric power station
due west to a substation is 2km long and has a slop of 300. Another line from the substation,
running W 450 N to village, is 4km long and laid on the ground level. Determine the length
and slope of the proposed telephone line joining the the power station and village.
15) Two wire ropes are attached to the top corner of a 15m high building. The other end of
one wire rope is attached to the top of the vertical pole 5m high and the rope makes an angle
of depression of 450. The rope makes 300 angle of depression and is attached to the top of a
2m high pole. The pole in the top view are 2m apart. Draw the projections of the wire ropes.
16) Two hill tops A and B are 90m and 60m above the ground level respectively. They are
observed from the point C, 20m above the ground. From C angles and elevations for A and B
are 450 and 300 respectively. From B angle of elevation of A is 450. Determine the two
distances between A, B and C.
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES:-
1. A thin regular pentagon of 30mm sides has one side // to Hp and 30 0 inclined to Vp while its surface is 450
inclines to Hp. Draw its projections.
2. A circle of 50mm diameter has end A of diameter AB in Hp and AB diameter 300 inclined to Hp. Draw its
projections if
a) the TV of same diameter is 450 inclined to Vp, OR b) Diameter AB is in profile plane.
3. A thin triangle PQR has sides PQ = 60mm. QR = 80mm. and RP = 50mm. long respectively. Side PQ rest on
ground and makes 300 with Vp. Point P is 30mm in front of Vp and R is 40mm above ground. Draw its
projections.
4. An isosceles triangle having base 60mm long and altitude 80mm long appears as an equilateral triangle of
60mm sides with one side 300 inclined to XY in top view. Draw its projections.
5. A 300-600 set-square of 40mm long shortest side in Hp appears is an isosceles triangle in its TV. Draw
projections of it and find its inclination with Hp.
6. A rhombus of 60mm and 40mm long diagonals is so placed on Hp that in TV it appears as a square of 40mm
long diagonals. Draw its FV.
7. Draw projections of a circle 40 mm diameter resting on Hp on a point A on the circumference with its surface 30 0
inclined to Hp and 450 to Vp.
8. A top view of plane figure whose surface is perpendicular to Vp and 60 0 inclined to Hp is regular hexagon of 30mm
sides with one side 300 inclined to xy.Determine it’s true shape.
9. Draw a rectangular abcd of side 50mm and 30mm with longer 350 with XY, representing TV of a quadrilateral
plane ABCD. The point A and B are 25 and 50mm above Hp respectively. Draw a suitable Fv and determine
its true shape.
10.Draw a pentagon abcde having side 500 to XY, with the side ab =30mm, bc = 60mm, cd =50mm, de = 25mm and
angles abc 1200, cde 1250. A figure is a TV of a plane whose ends A,B and E are 15, 25 and 35mm above Hp
respectively. Complete the projections and determine the true shape of the plane figure.0
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
1. Draw the projections of a square prism of 25mm sides base and 50mm long axis. The
prism is resting with one of its corners in VP and axis inclined at 30 0 to VP and parallel to
HP.
2. A pentagonal pyramid, base 40mm side and height 75mm rests on one edge on its base
on the ground so that the highest point in the base is 25mm. above ground. Draw the
projections when the axis is parallel to Vp. Draw an another front view on an AVP
inclined at 300 to edge on which it is resting so that the base is visible.
3. A square pyramid of side 30mm and axis 60 mm long has one of its slant edges
inclined at 450 to HP and a plane containing that slant edge and axis is inclined at 30 0 to
VP. Draw the projections.
4. A hexagonal prism, base 30mm sides and axis 75mm long, has an edge of the base
parallel to the HP and inclined at 450 to the VP. Its axis makes an angle of 600 with the
HP. Draw its projections. Draw another top view on an auxiliary plane inclined at 50 0 to
the HP.
5. Draw the three views of a cone having base 50 mm diameter and axis 60mm long It is
resting on a ground on a point of its base circle. The axis is inclined at 40 0 to ground and
at 300 to VP.
6. Draw the projections of a square prism resting on an edge of base on HP. The axis
makes an angle of 300 with VP and 450 with HP. Take edge of base 25mm and axis length
 CASES OF COMPOSITE SOLIDS.
9.A cube of 40mm long edges is resting on the ground with its vertical faces equally
inclined to the VP. A right circular cone base 25mm diameter and height 50mm is
placed centrally on the top of the cube so that their axis are in a straight line. Draw the
front and top views of the solids. Project another top view on an AIP making 450 with
the HP
10.A square bar of 30mm base side and 100mm long is pushed through the center of a
cylindrical block of 30mm thickness and 70mm diameter, so that the bar comes out
equally through the block on either side. Draw the front view, top view and side view
of the solid when the axis of the bar is inclined at 300 to HP and parallel to VP, the
sides of a bar being 450 to VP.
11.A cube of 50mm long edges is resting on the ground with its vertical faces equally
inclined to VP. A hexagonal pyramid , base 25mm side and axis 50mm long, is placed
centrally on the top of the cube so that their axes are in a straight line and two edges of
its base are parallel to VP. Draw the front view and the top view of the solids, project
another top view on an AIP making an angle of 450 with the HP.
12.A circular block, 75mm diameter and 25mm thick is pierced centrally through its
flat faces by a square prism of 35mm base sides and 125mm long axis, which comes
out equally on both sides of the block. Draw the projections of the solids when the
combined axis is parallel to HP and inclined at 30 0 to VP, and a face of the prism
makes an angle of 300 with HP. Draw side view also.
 SECTION & DEVELOPMENT
1) A square pyramid of 30mm base sides and 50mm long axis is resting on its base in HP. Edges of base is equally
inclined to VP. It is cut by section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 450 to HP. The plane cuts the axis at 10mm
above the base. Draw the projections of the solid and show its development.
2) A hexagonal pyramid, edge of base 30mm and axis 75mm, is resting on its edge on HP which is perpendicular toVP.
The axis makes an angle of 300to HP. the solid is cut by a section plane perpendicular to both HP and VP, and passing
through the mid point of the axis. Draw the projections showing the sectional view, true shape of section and
development of surface of a cut pyramid containing apex.
3) A cone of base diameter 60mm and axis 80mm, long has one of its generators in VP and parallel to HP. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular HP and parallel to VP. Draw the sectional FV, true shape of section and develop the lateral
surface of the cone containing the apex.
4) A cube of 50mm long slid diagonal rest on ground on one of its corners so that the solid diagonal is vertical and an
edge through that corner is parallel to VP. A horizontal section plane passing through midpoint of vertical solid diagonal
cuts the cube. Draw the front view of the sectional top view and development of surface.
5) A vertical cylinder cut by a section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP in such a way that the true shape of
a section is an ellipse with 50mm and 80mm as its minor and major axes. The smallest generator on the cylinder is
20mm long after it is cut by a section plane. Draw the projections and show the true shape of the section. Also find the
inclination of the section plane with HP. Draw the development of the lower half of the cylinder.
6) A cube of 75mm long edges has its vertical faces equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to
VP such that the true shape of section is regular hexagon. Determine the inclination of cutting plane with HP.Draw the
sectional top view and true shape of section.
7) The pyramidal portion of a half pyramidal and half conical solid has a base ofthree sides, each 30mm long. The
length of axis is 80mm. The solid rest on its base with the side of the pyramid base perpendicular to VP. A plane parallel
to VP cuts the solid at a distance of 10mm from the top view of the axis. Draw sectional front view and true shape of
section. Also develop the lateral surface of the cut solid.
8) A hexagonal pyramid having edge to edge distance 40mm and height 60mm has its base in HP and an edge
of base perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to VP and passing through a point on
the axis 10mm from the base. Draw three views of solid when it is resting on its cut face in HP, resting the
larger part of the pyramid. Also draw the lateral surface development of the pyramid.
9) A cone diameter of base 50mm and axis 60mm long is resting on its base on ground. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to VP in such a way that the true shape of a section is a parabola having base 40mm. Draw
three views showing section, true shape of section and development of remaining surface of cone removing its
apex.
10) A hexagonal pyramid, base 50mm side and axis 100mm long is lying on ground on one of its triangular
faces with axis parallel to VP. A vertical section plane, the HT of which makes an angle of 300 with the
reference line passes through center of base, the apex being retained. Draw the top view, sectional front view
and the development of surface of the cut pyramid containing apex.
11) Hexagonal pyramid of 40mm base side and height 80mm is resting on its base on ground. It is cut by a
section plane parallel to HP and passing through a point on the axis 25mm from the apex. Draw the projections
of the cut pyramid. A particle P, initially at the mid point of edge of base, starts moving over the surface and
reaches the mid point of apposite edge of the top face. Draw the development of the cut pyramid and show the
shortest path of particle P. Also show the path in front and top views
12) A cube of 65 mm long edges has its vertical face equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane,
perpendicular to VP, so that the true shape of the section is a regular hexagon, Determine the inclination of the
cutting plane with the HP and draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section.
 PROBLEM 14:-Two objects, a flower (A) and an orange (B) are within a rectangular compound wall,
whose P & Q are walls meeting at 900. Flower A is 1.5M & 1 M from walls P & Q respectively.
Orange B is 3.5M & 5.5M from walls P & Q respectively. Drawing projection, find distance between
them If flower is 1.5 M and orange is 3.5 M above the ground. Consider suitable scale..

b’ b’1

e r)
3,5M (a nsw
T L
a’
1.5M
x y
Wall P Wall P
B
1.5M
a
3.6M
1M
A
Wall Q
b
5.5M
Wall Q F.V.
PROBLEM 15 :- Two mangos on a tree A & B are 1.5 m and 3.00 m above ground
and those are 1.2 m & 1.5 m from a 0.3 m thick wall but on opposite sides of it.
If the distance measured between them along the ground and parallel to wall is 2.6 m,
Then find real distance between them by drawing their projections.

TV
b’ b 1’
B
3.00 m
a’

1.5m
WALL
A 0.3M THICK
(GL) X Y
b
0.3m 1.5m

Wall thickness FV
1.2m
a
2.6m
REAL DISTANCE BETWEEN
MANGOS A & B IS = a’ b1 ’
 PROBLEM 16 :-
oa, ob & oc are three lines, 25mm, 45mm and 65mm
Tv
long respectively.All equally inclined and the shortest
is vertical.This fig. is TV of three rods OA, OB and OC
whose ends A,B & C are on ground and end O is 100mm
above ground. Draw their projections and find length of
each along with their angles with ground. O
o’
C

100 A

TL2 TL1
TL 3

Fv
b1’ b’ a’ a1 ’ c’ c1 ’
x y
a B
25

o Answers:
45 65 TL1 TL2 & TL3
b
c
 PROBLEM 17:- A pipe line from point A has a downward gradient 1:5 and it runs due South - East.
Another Point B is 12 M from A and due East of A and in same level of A. Pipe line from B runs
150 Due East of South and meets pipe line from A at point C.
Draw projections and find length of pipe line from B and it’s inclination with ground.

12m
a’ 5 b’
Do
1 wnw
5
ard
TL G rad
(a ien 1
FV ns
we
t 1:
5
r)
N
A 12 M
B
x
c’ c’1 c’2
y
E
N

W b
a 450 EAST
C
150

TV S
TL ( answer) = a’ c’
2
c DU
E
SO
UT = Inclination of pipe line BC
H
-E
AS
T
SOUTH
 PROBLEM 18: A person observes two objects, A & B, on the ground, from a tower, 15 M high,
At the angles of depression 300 & 450. Object A is is due North-West direction of observer and
object B is due West direction. Draw projections of situation and find distance of objects from
observer and from tower also.
o’
30
0

450

15M
O
a’1 a’ b’ 300
450

a N

N
W E A
b o S
Answers:
Distances of objects
B
from observe W
o’a’1 & o’b’
From tower S
oa & ob
 PROBLEM 19:-Guy ropes of two poles fixed at 4.5m and 7.5 m above ground,
are attached to a corner of a building 15 M high, make 30 0 and 450 inclinations
with ground respectively.The poles are 10 M apart. Determine by drawing their
projections,Length of each rope and distance of poles from building.

c1’ c’ c’2 TV

C
300
b’
a’ 15M
450
15 M
7.5M
4.5M
300
A
4.5 M
450
12M
B
a b FV
10 M 7.5M

c
Answers:
Length of Rope BC= b’c’2
Length of Rope AC= a’c’1

Distances of poles from building = ca & cb

PROBLEM 20:- A tank of 4 M height is to be strengthened by four stay rods from each corner
by fixing their other ends to the flooring, at a point 1.2 M and 0.7 M from two adjacent walls respectively,
as shown. Determine graphically length and angle of each rod with flooring.

FV
a’

TV
True Length
Answers:
Length of each rod
= a’b’1
A
Angle with Hp.
=
X b’1 Y
b’
4M
a
B 1 .2 M

0.
0.7 M

7
M
b FV
1.2 M

TV
 PROBLEM 21:- A horizontal wooden platform 2 M long and 1.5 M wide is supported by four chains
from it’s corners and chains are attached to a hook 5 M above the center of the platform.
Draw projections of the objects and determine length of each chain along with it’s inclination
with ground.
h’

TV
H Hook
TL 5M

5M
d’1
x a’d’ b’c’ y (GL)

d c
D
1.5 M
h
A C
a b
2M 2M M
Answers: 1.5
Length of each chain FV
= a’d’1 B
Angle with Hp.
=
PROBLEM 22.
A room is of size 6.5m L ,5m D,3.5m high.
An electric bulb hangs 1m below the center of ceiling.
A switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5m above the flooring.
Draw the projections an determine real distance between the bulb and switch.

6.5m Ceiling

TV
1m b’ b’1 Bulb
all
Side w
3.5m Front wall
a’

1.5 H
x y Switch
a
L D

Observ
er
5m b

B- Bulb
A-Switch
Answer :- a’ b’1
PROBLEM 23:-
A PICTURE FRAME 2 M WIDE AND 1 M TALL IS RESTING ON HORIZONTAL WALL RAILING
MAKES 350 INCLINATION WITH WALL. IT IS ATTAACHED TO A HOOK IN THE WALL BY TWO STRINGS.
THE HOOK IS 1.5 M ABOVE WALL RAILING. DETERMINE LENGTH OF EACH CHAIN AND TRUE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM

h’
TV
(chains)

a’b’ 1.5M
A 350
1.5 M
1M B
1M

c’d’ (wall railing) D

FV
X Y
a1 ad 2M
C Wall railing
(frame)

(chains)
Answers:
Length of each chain= hb1
b1 bc True angle between chains =