Chapter 1 Part B

The Human
Body: An
Orientation

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by
Karen Dunbar Kareiva
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ivy Tech Community College
 1.5 Anatomical Terms

Anatomical Position and Directional Terms

• Standard anatomical position
– Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing
forward with thumbs pointing away from body
• Directional terms describe one body structure
in relation to another body structure
– Direction is always based on standard
anatomical position
– Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not
right and left of observer

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Table 1.1-1 Orientation and Directional Terms

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Table 1.1-2 Orientation and Directional Terms (continued)

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Table 1.1-3 Orientation and Directional Terms (continued)

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 Regional Terms

• Two major divisions of body

– Axial
• Head, neck, and trunk
– Appendicular
• Limbs (legs and arms)
• Regional terms designate specific areas within
body divisions

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Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral Upper limb
Mental Acromial
Cervical Brachial (arm)
Thoracic Antecubital
Sternal
Axillary Antebrachial
(forearm)
Mammary
Carpal (wrist)

Abdominal
Umbilical
Manus (hand)
Pelvic
Inguinal Palmar
(groin) Pollex
Digital

Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh)
Patellar

Crural (leg)

Fibular or peroneal

Pedal (foot)
Thorax Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen
Metatarsal
Digital

Hallux

Anterior/Ventral
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Figure 1.7b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Upper limb
Acromial Cervical
Brachial (arm)

Olecranal
Back (dorsal)
Antebrachial Scapular
(forearm)
Vertebral

Lumbar
Manus (hand)
Metacarpal Sacral

Gluteal
Digital
Perineal (between
Lower limb anus and
external
Femoral (thigh) genitalia)

Popliteal

Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal

Pedal (foot)

Calcaneal
Back (Dorsum)

Plantar

Posterior/Dorsal
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 Body Planes and Sections

• Body planes
– Surfaces along which body or structures may be
cut for anatomical study
– Three most common planes:
• Sagittal plane
• Frontal (coronal) plane
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
• Sections
– Cuts or sections made along a body plane
• Named after plane, so a sagittal cut results in a
sagittal section

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 Body Planes and Sections (cont.)

• Sagittal plane
– Divides body vertically into right and left parts
– Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane
– Midsagittal (median) plane
• Cut was made perfectly on midline
– Parasagittal plane
• Cut was off-centered, not on midline

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 Body Planes and Sections (cont.)

• Frontal (coronal) plane

– Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior
parts (front and back)
– Produces a frontal or coronal section
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
– Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane)
into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
– Produces a cross section
• Oblique section
– Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical
plane
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Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane

Vertebral Right Left

column lung Heart lung Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen

Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous Spinal

fat layer cord
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Figure 1.8a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Median (midsagittal) plane

Vertebral
column

Rectum Intestines
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Figure 1.8b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Frontal (coronal) plane

Right Left
lung Heart lung

Liver Stomach Spleen

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Figure 1.8c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Transverse plane

Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen

Subcutaneous Spinal
fat layer cord
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 1.6 Body Cavities and Membranes

• Body contains internal cavities that are closed to

environment
• Cavities provide different degrees of protection
to organs within them
• Two sets of cavities
– Dorsal body cavity
– Ventral body cavity

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 Dorsal Body Cavity

• Protects fragile nervous system

• Two subdivisions
– Cranial cavity
• Encases brain
– Vertebral cavity
• Encases spinal cord

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Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.

Cranial
Cranial cavity
cavity
(contains
brain)
Vertebral
cavity

Dorsal Superior
body mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity cavity Pleural
(contains cavity
heart and
lungs) Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Vertebral
cavity Diaphragm Ventral body
(contains cavity
spinal (thoracic and
Abdominal cavity abdomino-
cord) (contains digestive Abdomino-
pelvic
viscera) pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
Dorsal body bladder, reproductive
cavity organs, and rectum)
Ventral body
cavity Lateral view Anterior view

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 Ventral Body Cavity

• Houses the internal organs (collectively called

viscera)
• Two subdivisions, which are separated by the
diaphragm
– Thoracic cavity
– Abdominopelvic cavity

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 Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)

• Thoracic cavity
– Two pleural cavities
• Each cavity surrounds one lung
– Mediastinum
• Contains pericardial cavity
• Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as esophagus,
trachea, etc.
– Pericardial cavity
• Encloses heart

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 Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)

• Abdominopelvic cavity
– Abdominal cavity
• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
– Pelvic cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and
rectum

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Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.

Cranial
Cranial cavity
cavity
(contains
brain)
Vertebral
cavity

Dorsal Superior
body mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity cavity Pleural
(contains cavity
heart and
lungs) Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Vertebral
cavity Diaphragm Ventral body
(contains cavity
spinal (thoracic and
Abdominal cavity abdomino-
cord) (contains digestive Abdomino-
pelvic
viscera) pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
Dorsal body bladder, reproductive
cavity organs, and rectum)
Ventral body
cavity Lateral view Anterior view

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 Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.1

• Whereas the pelvic bones provide limited

protection to the pelvic cavity, the walls of
abdominal cavity are formed by muscle only, so
organs in this area are most vulnerable to
trauma

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 Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)

• Membranes in ventral body cavity

– Serosa (also called serous membrane)
• Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces
in ventral body cavity
– Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
– Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
• Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled
with serous fluid
• Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane

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 Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)

• Named for specific cavity and organs that they

are associated with
– Pericardium
• Heart
– Pleurae
• Lungs
– Peritoneum
• Abdominopelvic cavity

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Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships.

Outer balloon wall

(comparable to parietal serosa)

Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall

(comparable to visceral serosa)
A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates
the relationship between the parietal and visceral
serous membrane layers.

Heart

Parietal
pericardium

Pericardial
space with
serous fluid

Visceral
pericardium

The serosae associated with the heart.

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 Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.2

• Serous membranes can become inflamed as a

result of infection or other causes
• Normally smooth layers can become rough and
even can stick together, resulting in excruciating
pain
• Examples: pleurisy and peritonitis

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 Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)

• Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions

– Quadrants are divisions used primarily by
medical personnel
• Abdominopelvic region is sectioned into quarters
– Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
– Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
– Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
– Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.

Right upper Left upper

quadrant quadrant
(RUQ) (LUQ)

Right lower Left lower

quadrant quadrant
(RLQ) (LLQ)

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 Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)

• Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions (cont.)

– Nine divisions called regions, resembling a tic-tac-
toe grid, are used primarily by anatomists
• Right hypochondriac region
• Epigastric region
• Left hypochondriac region
• Right lumbar region
• Umbilical region
• Left lumber region
• Right Iliac (inguinal) region
• Hypogastric region
• Left iliac (inguinal) region
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Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.

Liver Diaphragm
Right Left Spleen
Epigastric
hypochondriac hypochondriac Gallbladder Stomach
region
region region

Ascending colon Transverse colon

Right Left of large intestine of large intestine
lumbar Umbilical lumbar
region Small intestine Descending colon
region region of large intestine
Cecum Initial part of
Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac
Appendix sigmoid colon
(inguinal) (pubic) (inguinal)
region region region Urinary bladder

Nine regions delineated by four planes Anterior view of the nine regions showing the
superficial organs

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 Other Body Cavities

• In addition to the two main body cavities, the

body has several smaller cavities that are
exposed to environment
– Oral and digestive cavities
– Nasal cavity
– Orbital cavities
– Middle ear cavities
• Not exposed to environment
– Synovial cavities: joint cavities

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