Engineering Graphics

UNIT-V
Isometric & Ortho graphic Projections

G.NARAYANAMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

HYDERABAD – 500008

SEELAM NAGA SARVESWARA REDDY

Asst . Professor in Mech .Engg .
 Isometric Projections

“Iso” means equal‟ and “Metric projection” means , a projection to a reduced

measure‟. An isometric projection is one type of pictorial projection in which the
three dimensions of a solid are not only shown in one view, but also their dimension
can be scaled from this drawing.

Isometric Axes:
The lines BC, CD and CG meeting at a point C
and making an angle of 120o with each other are
termed isometric axes.

Isometric Lines:
The lines parallel to the isometric axes are termed
isometric lines. The lines AD, AB etc are examples
of isometric lines.
Non-isometric Lines:
The lines which are not parallel to isometric axes
are termed non-isometric lines. The line BD is an
example of Non-isometric line.

Isometric Planes:
The planes representing the faces of the cube as well as other planes parallel to
these planes are termed isometric planes.
Isometric scale:

Isometric projection is drawn using isometric scale, which converts true lengths into
isometric lengths (foreshortened).

Isometric scale is produced by positioning a regular scale at 45 ° to the

horizontal and projecting lines vertically to a 30° line.
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION and ISOMETRIC DRAWING OR
(ISOMETRIC VIEW)

Isometric drawings (isometric views) are almost always preferred over

isometric projection for engineering graphics, because they are easier to
produce.
ISOMETRIC VIEWS OF LINES

Horizontal Line:

Problem no:1
Draw the isometric projection and isometric view of a horizontal line AB measuring 50
mm length.
Note: 1) To draw isometric projections use below formulae

ISOMETRIC LENGTH = 0.82 x TRUE LENGTH

2) To draw isometric views use True Lengths or Given Lengths

41 50

Vertical Line:
Problem no:2
Draw the isometric projection and isometric view of a vertical line CD measuring 50 mm
length.
ISOMETRIC VIEWS OF PLANE FIGURES
Square
Problem no:3
The front view of a square is given in fig .a. Draw its isometric view.
Consider a square ABCD with a 30 mm side shown in Fig.(a). If the square lies in the
vertical plane, it will appear as a rhombus with a 30 mm side in isometric view as
shown in Fig. (b) or (c).

Square appears as a rhombus in isometric view.

Problem no:4
The top view of a square is given in fig .a. Draw its isometric view.
If the square lies in the horizontal plane (like the top face of a cube), it will appear as in
Fig.(d). The sides AD and DC, both, are inclined to the horizontal reference line at 30°.

30˚ 30˚
30˚
30˚
Rectangle

A rectangle appears as a parallelogram in isometric view.

Problem no:5

The top view of a rectangle, the surface of which is horizontal is given in fig .a. Draw its
isometric view.

30˚ 30˚
30˚ 30˚
Triangle

Problem no:6

The front view of a triangle, having its surface parallel to V. P. is given in fig .a. Draw its
isometric view.

A triangle of any type can be easily obtained in isometric view as explained below. First
enclose the triangle in rectangle ABCD. Obtain parallelogram ABCD for the rectangle as
shown in Fig. (a) or (b) or (c). Then locate point 1 in the parallelogram such that C–1 in
the parallelogram is equal to C–1 in the rectangle. A–B–1 represents the isometric view
of the triangle.
Pentagon

Problem no:7

The front view of a pentagon, having its surface parallel to V. P. is given in fig . Draw its
isometric view.

Solution: Fig. (a) , (b)

Problem no:8

The top view of a pentagon, having its surface parallel to H. P. is given in fig . Draw its
isometric view.

Solution: Fig. (c)

Enclose the given pentagon in a rectangle and obtain the parallelogram as in Fig. (a) or
(b) or (c). Locate points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 on the rectangle and mark them on the
parallelogram. The distances A–1, B–2, C–3, C–4 and D–5 in isometric drawing are same
as the corresponding distances on the pentagon enclosed in the rectangle.
Circle
The isometric view or isometric projection of a circle is an ellipse. It is obtained by using
four- centre method.
Problem no:9

The front view of a circle of a diameter 60 mm, having its surface parallel to V. P. is given
in fig . Draw its isometric view.

Solution: Fig. (a) , (b)

Problem no:10

The top view of a circle of a diameter 60 mm , having its surface parallel to H. P. is given in
fig . Draw its isometric view.

Solution: Fig. c
Four-Centre Method : First, enclose the given circle into a square ABCD. Draw rhombus
ABCD as an isometric view of the square. Join the farthest corners of the rhombus, i.e., A
and C. Obtain midpoints 3 and 4 of sides CD and AD respectively. Locate points 1 and 2
at the intersection of AC with B–3 and B–4 respectively. Now with 1 as a centre and
radius 1–3, draw a small arc 3–5. Draw another arc 4–6 with same radius but 2 as a
centre. With B as a centre and radius B–3, draw an arc 3–4. Draw another arc 5–6 with
same radius but with D as a centre.
 Isometric views of simple solids

Box Method
PRISMS & CYLINDERS

The four basic steps for creating an isometric drawing are:

 Determine the isometric viewpoint that clearly depicts the features of the object, then
draw the isometric axes which will produce that view-point.

 height (H), and depth (D) of the object, such that the object will be totally enclosed in a
box.

 Locate details on the isometric planes.

 Darken all visible lines, and eliminate hidden lines unless absolutely necessary to
describe the object.
Problem no:11

Draw the isometric view of a square prism with side of base 40 mm and length of axis 70
mm .When its axis is i) Vertical and ii) horizontal .

When its axis is i) Vertical

Solution: Fig. b

When its axis is i) Horizontal

Solution: Fig. c
Problem no:12

A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on H.P. on its
base with a side of base parallel to V. P. Draw the isometric view of a prism.

Solution: Fig. (ii)

Problem no:13.a

Draw the isometric view of a cylinder of base diameter 60 mm and axis length 90 mm is
resting on H.P.

Solution:

Hint: Use Four Centre Method to draw top and bottom circles.

P q
Problem no:13.b

Draw the isometric view of a Horizontal cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis length
60 mm.

Solution:

Hint: Use Four Centre Method to draw front and back circles.
 Off-set Method or Coordinate Method
Pyramids & Cones

This method is adopted for objects in which neither non-isometric lines nor their ends
lie in isometric planes.

 Perpendiculars are dropped from each end of the edge to a horizontal or vertical
reference plane.

 The points at which the perpendiculars meet the plane , are located by drawing co-
ordinates or offsets to the edges of the plane.

 Darken all visible lines, and eliminate hidden lines unless absolutely necessary to
describe the object.
Problem no:14

Draw the isometric view of the pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length
60mm, the projections of which are given in fig.

When its axis is i) Vertical

Solution: Fig. b

When its axis is ii) Horizontal

Solution: Fig. c

4
60

4 3

3
,p

30
Problem no:15
Draw the isometric view of a hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length
60 mm that is resting on H.P. on its base.

,p
Problem no:16

Draw the isometric view of a cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm is
resting on H.P. on its base.

c
d

P q
d
a b

a C

b
Problem no:17

Draw the isometric view of a frustum of cone of base diameter 60 mm mm ,top base
diameter 35 mm and axis length 50 mm is resting on H.P. on its base.

Solution:

Frustum of a cone : when a cone is cut by a plane parallel to its base, thus removing the
top portion , the remaining portion is called its frustum of a cone.

Note: Use four-center method to draw top and bottom base circles.
Problem no:18
Draw the isometric view of a frustum of cone of base diameter 60 mm mm ,top base
diameter 40 mm and axis length 70 mm is resting on H.P. on its base.

Solution:

Frustum of a pyramid : when a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base, thus
removing the top portion , the remaining portion is called its frustum of a pyramid
 Isometric views of combinations of solids

Problem no:19

Draw the isometric projection of a sphere diameter 50 mm resting centrally on

the top of a cube of side 60 mm.
Problem no:20

Figure. a shows the front view of a sphere ,resting centrally on the top of a
square plate. Draw the isometric projection of the arrangement.

O= Center of Sphere. P = Point of contact ,R = 25 = True Radius of Sphere

and r = OP = Isometric Radius=25x0.82 = 20.5 mm

TO DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A SPHERE

1. FIRST DRAW ISOMETRIC OF SQUARE PLATE.

2. LOCATE IT’S CENTER. NAME IT P.
3. FROM P DRAW VERTICAL LINE UPWARD, LENGTH r = OP=20.5mm AND
LOCATE CENTER OF SPHERE AS O.
4. O AS CENTER, WITH RADIUS R = 25 mm ,DRAW A CIRCLE.
Conversion of Orthographic views (2D) into Isometric views (3D)

Problem no:21

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

LENGTH = 75, HEIGHT = 48, WIDTH = 100 .

50
36 25

16

25

H=48 16
W=
10 25
0
7 5
16 L=
Problem no:22

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

LENGTH = 56, HEIGHT =8+12=20, WIDTH = 32.

Problem no:23

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given in Fig.a. Draw it’s isometric view.

LENGTH = 75, HEIGHT =12+15=27, WIDTH = 38.

22 22

8
15
8 12
22

75
38
Problem no:24

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given in Fig.a. Draw it’s isometric view.

LENGTH = 75, HEIGHT =12+25=37, WIDTH = 50.

Problem no:25
F.V. & left-hand side view(LHSV) of an object are given in Fig. Draw it’s isometric view.

LENGTH = 75, HEIGHT =32+24=56, WIDTH = 50.

 Conversion of Orthographic views (2D) into Isometric views (3D)

You tube lecture video links

 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfTuOLuPE1s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTik3BngyFY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0_RmOKKLFU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLzbS_umhMM&list=PL54
u-_xCYpOkxrK0P9UAPkE7doSTGmdA5&index=12
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B07lWjlSmes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8xYuzkACvo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJd5dedKFRQ
Conversion of Isometric views (3D) into Orthographic views (2D)
EXAMPLE - 1
EXAMPLE - 2
EXAMPLE - 3
EXAMPLE - 4
EXAMPLE - 5
Problem no:26
Draw the front view , top view and left-side view of the object given in Fig.

L = 60
H = 60
W = 50

Solution :
Problem no:27
Draw the front view , top view and both side views of the object given in Fig.

Solution :
Problem no:28
Draw the front view , top view and right-side view of the object given in Fig.

Solution :
Problem no:29

Draw the front view , top view and left– side view of the object shown in Fig.

Solution :
Problem no:30

Draw the front view , top view and left– side view of the object shown in Fig.

Solution :
Problem no:31

Draw the front view , top view and right – side view of the object shown in Fig.
Problem no:32
Draw the front view , top view and right – side view of the object shown in Fig.(ii).
Problem no:33

Draw the front view , top view and left – side view of the object shown in Fig.
Problem no:34

Draw the front view , top view and right – side view of the object shown in Fig.
 Problem no:35
Draw the front view , top view and right –side viewof the object shown in Fig.

Solution :
Problem no:36
Draw the front view , top view and left-side of the object shown in Fig.

Solution :
Problem no:37
Draw the front view , top view and right – side view of the object shown in Fig.
Problem no:38

Draw the front view , top view and right – side view of the object shown in Fig.
Problem no:39

Draw the front view , top view and right – side view of the object shown in Fig.
Problem no:40

Draw the front view , top view and left – side view of the object shown in Fig.
Conversion of Isometric views (3D) into Orthographic views (2D)

You tube lecture video links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvvZ65OBwLU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBXzHdXkeTc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUfINgKxfu4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8wPEeCRxqs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytwEDvX-l44
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVenpnLGwco
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihy1oa3zzGE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wn39u5Q0LFI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR4vwrbJF4A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ui1s_DJTTlU