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Prepared By: Harjeet Singh Ishita Rana Iqra Hussain

The document summarizes the key components and functioning of an Instrument Landing System (ILS). An ILS provides horizontal and vertical guidance to aircraft for landing using radio beams. It consists of localizer and glide slope antennas that transmit signals to indicate to pilots if they need to go left/right or up/down. Marker beacons help indicate distance from the runway. ILS approaches are categorized based on minimum visibility and decision height requirements, with Category III allowing for no decision height or visibility limitations.

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Harjeet Singh
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174 views

Prepared By: Harjeet Singh Ishita Rana Iqra Hussain

The document summarizes the key components and functioning of an Instrument Landing System (ILS). An ILS provides horizontal and vertical guidance to aircraft for landing using radio beams. It consists of localizer and glide slope antennas that transmit signals to indicate to pilots if they need to go left/right or up/down. Marker beacons help indicate distance from the runway. ILS approaches are categorized based on minimum visibility and decision height requirements, with Category III allowing for no decision height or visibility limitations.

Uploaded by

Harjeet Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IL

S
Prepared by: Harjeet Singh
Ishita Rana
Iqra Hussain
ILS-
Introduction
 An Instrument Landing
System (ILS) is a ground-
based radio beam
transmitter that provides a
direction to
an aircraft approaching and
landing on a runway.
 Approaching aircraft that
tune their receiver to the
ILS frequency can get the
guidance from ILS.
ILS-Why do pilot need
ILS?
• To enable safe landing during reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or snow.
ILS-
History
• Tests of the first ILS began in 1929.
• The first scheduled passenger airliner to land using ILS was in 1938. A
Pennsylvania-Central Airlines Boeing 247-D.
ILS-Types of Runway
Approach

1. Non-Instrument
Runway (NI)
2. Instrument Runway
a) Non-Precision Runway
(NP)
b) Precision Runway (P)
ILS-Components

• There are 3 equipments for Ground Installations, which are:


1. Ground Localizer (LLZ, LOC) Antenna
2. Ground Glide path (GP) Antenna
3. Marker Beacons
Instrument Landing
System
ILS-How it
•Works?
Ground localizer antenna transmit VHF signal in direction opposite of
runway to horizontally guide aircraft to the runway center line.
• Ground Glide Path antenna transmit UHF signal in vertical direction to
vertically guide aircraft to the touchdown point.
• Localizer and Glide Path antenna located at aircraft nose receives both
signals and sends it to ILS indicator in the cockpit.
• These signals activate the vertical and horizontal needles inside the ILS
indicator to tell the pilot either go left/right or go up/down.
• By keeping both needles centered, the pilot can guide his aircraft down to
end of landing runway aligned with the runway center line and aiming the
touch down.
ILS-How LOC (LLZ)
works?
• Localizer transmit two signals which overlap at the center.
• It operates in the VHF band: 108MHz to 117MHz
• The left side has a 90 Hz modulation and the right has a 150 Hz modulation.
• The overlap area provides the on-track signal.
• For example, if an aircraft approaching the runway center line from the right, it
will receive more of the 150 Hz modulation than 90Hz modulation.
• Difference in Depth of Modulation will align the aircraft with the runway
center line.
ILS-How GS (GP)
works?
• GS operates in UHF band: 329 to 335 MHz
• Glide path antenna produces two signals in the vertical
plane.
• The upper has a 90 Hz modulation and the bottom has a
150 Hz modulation.
• For example, if an aircraft approaching the runway too
high, it will receive more of the 90 Hz modulation than
150Hz modulation.
• Difference in Depth of Modulation will align the aircraft
with the 3o glide path.
ILS-Marker
Beacon
• Marker beacons operating at a carrier frequency of 75 MHz.
• When the transmission from a marker beacon is received it activates an
indicator on the pilot's instrument panel.
• The correct height the aircraft should be at when the signal is received in an
aircraft.
• They aid in indicating the distance of the aircraft from the runway too.
ILS-Outer Marker Beacon
(OMB)
The outer marker is normally located 7.2 to 10 km from the runway threshold.
The cockpit indicator is a blue lamp that flashes in unison with the received
audio code. The purpose of this beacon is to provide height, distance, and
equipment functioning checks to aircraft on intermediate and final approach. On
the aircraft, the signal is received by a 75 MHz marker receiver. The pilot hears a
tone from the loudspeaker or headphones and a blue indicative bulb lights up.
ILS-
MMB
The middle marker should be located so as to indicate, in low visibility
conditions, the missed approach point, and the point that visual contact with the
runway is imminent, ideally at a distance of approximately 1,100 m from the
threshold. The cockpit indicator is an amber lamp that flashes in unison with the
received audio code.
ILS-IMB
The inner marker will be located so as to indicate in low visibility conditions the
imminence of arrival at the runway threshold. This is typically the position of an
aircraft on the ILS as it reaches Category II minima. Ideally at a distance of
approximately 300 m from the threshold. The cockpit indicator is a white lamp
that flashes in unison with the received audio code.
ILS-Categories of
ILS
There are three categories of ILS the operation.
ILS-Categories of
ILS
• Category I - A precision instrument approach and landing with a decision height
not lower than 60 m (200 ft.) above touchdown zone elevation and with either
a visibility not less than 800 m or a runway visual range not less than 550 m.
• An aircraft equipped with an Enhanced Flight Vision System may, under certain
circumstances, continue an approach to CAT II minimums.
ILS-Categories of
ILS
• Category II - Category II operation: A precision instrument approach and
landing with a decision height lower than 60 m (200 ft) above touchdown zone
elevation but not lower than 30 m (100 ft), and a runway visual range not less
than 350 m.
ILS-Categories of
ILS

Category III is further subdivided: Category III A - A precision instrument approach and landing with a
decision height lower than 30 m (100 ft) above touchdown zone elevation, or no decision height; and a
runway visual range not less than 200 m.
Category III B - A precision instrument approach and landing with a decision height lower than 15 m (50
ft) above touchdown zone elevation, or no decision height; and a runway visual range less than 200 m
but not less than 50 m.
Category III C - A precision instrument approach and landing with no decision height and no runway
visual range limitations. A Category III C system is capable of using an aircraft's autopilot to land the
aircraft and can also provide guidance along the runway.

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