PUBLIC

SWITCHED DATA
NETWORK
Table of Contents
Topics:
• Public Switched Data Network …………………………………………………………… 3
• Components of PSDN …………………………………………………………… 17
• PSDN Switching Techniques …………………………………………………………… 18
• Examples of Networks that uses PSDN …………………………………………………………… 34
• CCITT X.25 User-to-Network Interface …………………………………………………………… 61
Protocol
• CCITT X.25 Switching Service …………………………………………………………… 65
• CCITT X.25 Packet Format …………………………………………………………… 68
• ITU-T X Series of recommended …………………………………………………………… 73
standards
• Differences between PSTN, PSDN, and …………………………………………………………… 75
ISDN
• References …………………………………………………………… 79
Public Switched Data
Network
Also known as Packet Switched Data Network
• A switched communications network similar to the public telephone
network except that it is designed for transferring data only.

• Transports data from source to destination through a network of

intermediate switching nodes and transmission links.
Public Switched Data
Network

• Designed for data rather than voice

• Site-to-site switching is handled for you
• You merely connect each site to the
PSDN “cloud”
Public Switched Data
Network
Connect each site to the
PSDN using one leased line

• Only one leased line per site

• With N sites, you only need N leased
lines, not N* (N-1)/2 as with a full
mesh
Public Switched Data
Network
Access Device Needed at
Each Site
• Connects each site to access line
• Often a router
• Sometimes a device specific to a
particular PSDN Technology
Public Switched Data
Network
Point of Presence (POP)

• Place where you connect to the cloud

• May be several in a city
• May not have any POP close
• Need leased line to POP
• Separate from PSDN charges
Public Switched Data
Network
In Perspective

• Simpler than Networks of Leased Line

- Less staffing
- Fewer leased lines to support
• Less Expensive than Networks of Leased Lines
- PSDN prices are very low
- PSDN is less expensive overall
- PSDNs are replacing many leased line mesh networks
Public Switched Data
Network
Circuit-Switched PSDNs

• End-to-End Capacity is Guaranteed

- If you need it, it is always there
- When you don’t need it, you still pay for
it
- Expensive for data traffic, which usually
has short bursts and long silences
Public Switched Data
Network
Packet-Switched PSDNs

• Messages are divided into small units

called packets
- Short packets load switches more
effectively than fewer long messages
Public Switched Data
Network
Packet-Switched PSDNs

• Packet-Switched PSDNs Usually Operate at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer for

Single Subnets)
- Should be called frame-switched networks
- Still called packet-switched networks
Public Switched Data
Network
Packets are multiplexed on trunk
lines
• Cost of trunk lines is shared
• Packet switching lowers transmission
costs
• Dominates PSDN service today
Public Switched Data
Network
Packet Switched PSDNs: Virtual
Circuits
• All commercial packet switched PSDNs
use virtual circuits
- Eliminates forwarding decisions for
individual packets
- Reduces switching load, so reduces
switching costs
Public Switched Data
Network
Unreliable PSDNs:

• Most commercial PSDNs are Unreliable

- (Only obsolete X.25 PSDN technology was reliable)
- No error correction at each hop between switches
- Reduces costs of switching
- Note that both virtual circuits and unreliable service reduce switching costs
Public Switched Data
Network
PSDN Cost Savings

• Packet Switching
- Reduces costs of transmission lines through multiplexing
• Virtual Circuits
- Reduces costs of switches because they do not have to make decisions for
each frame
• Unreliability
- Reduces costs of switches because they do not have to do error correction
Public Switched Data
Network
VALUE ADDED NETWORK

• “Adds value” to the services or facilities provided by a common carrier to

provide new types of communication services.
• Comprises an organization that leases communications lines from common
carriers and adds new types of communications services to those lines.
• Examples Value Added Services:
- Error Control, Enhanced Connection Reliability, Dynamic Routing, Failure
Protection, Logical Multiplexing, and Data Format Conversion
Components of PSDN

• Stations/ End Stations

or sites

• Switching nodes

• Transmission links/
leased lines
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
- The switching technique used for making a standard telephone call
- Involves establishing a call, information transfer (in real time), and call
disconnection
- Blocking occurs due to a limited number of circuits and switching paths
• Blocking is the inability to complete a call because there are no facilities or switching paths
available between the source and the destination
- A circuit switch is transparent to the data
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
- consists of a set of switches connected by physical links.
- operates at the physical layer.
- creates a dedicated path to complete a link between the sender and
receiver.
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
CIRCUIT SWITCHING : Three Phases
- connection setup
- data transfer
- connection teardown
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
CIRCUIT SWITCHING : Efficiency
- It can be argued that circuit-switched networks are not as efficient as the
other two types of networks because resources are allocated during the
entire duration of the connection.

- These resources are unavailable to other connections. In a telephone

network, people normally terminate the communication when they have
finished their conversation.
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
CIRCUIT SWITCHING : Delay
- During data transfer the data are not delayed at each switch; the resources
are allocated for the duration of the connection.
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
PACKET SWITCHING
- Involves dividing data into smaller segments called packets prior to
transmission.
- Called a hold-and-forward network because unlike messages in message
switching that are stored for a longer period, packets are usually stored
(held) for shorter periods.
- Hold time is generally quite short and message transfer is near real time.
- It requires a complex and expensive switching arrangements and
complicated protocols.
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
PACKET SWITCHING
- divides the data into packets of fixed or variable size.
- The size of the packet is determined by the network and the governing
protocol.
• Packet switched networks are classified as:
a.) Datagram Networks
b.) Virtual circuit Networks
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
PACKET SWITCHING: Datagram Networks
- each packet is treated independently of all others.
- operates at the Network layer.
- Packets using this approach are referred to as datagrams.
- Each packet of one message can travel a different route towards their final
destination.
- All packets have a destination address in the header.
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
PACKET SWITCHING: Datagram Networks
- The destination address for each datagram is used at a router to forward
the message towards its final destination.
- A circuit switched network does not require a header or destination
address for the data transfer stage, the link is dedicated!
- The packet header contains a sequence number in the header so it can be
ordered at the destination.
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
PACKET SWITCHING: Virtual-Circuit Networks
- a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram network.
- it shares characteristics of both.
- operates at the data-link layer.
- The packets for a virtual circuit network are known as frames.
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
PACKET SWITCHING: Virtual-Circuit Networks
- A virtual-circuit network uses a series of special temporary addresses
known as virtual circuit identifiers (VCI).
- The VCI at each switch, is used to advance the frame towards its final
destination.
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
PACKET SWITCHING: Virtual-Circuit Networks
- The switch has a table with 4 columns:
a) Inputs half
• Input Port Number
• Input VCI
b) Outputs half
• Output Port Number
• Output VCI
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
MESSAGE SWITCHING
- A store-and-forward network where data is not transmitted in real time but
rather passes through transactional switches capable of storing data and
then transmitting them when it is convenient to do so or when the load on
the network has decreased.
• Transactional switches can store data or change its format and bit rate, then convert the
data back to their original form or an entirely different form at the receive end.
- Blocking cannot occur although delay time from message transmission to
reception varies from call to call.
- Multiplexes data from different sources into a common facility.
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
• CIRCUIT SWITCHING
• PACKET SWITCHING
• MESSAGE SWITCHING
PSDN SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES
• CIRCUIT SWITCHING
• PACKET SWITCHING
• MESSAGE SWITCHING
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
X25
- developed by ITU-T
- a packet switched wide area network
- a interface between DTE and DCE for operation on public data network in
packet mode
- an end to end protocol

Note: DTE stands for Data Terminal Equipment and DCE stands for Data Circuit Terminating Equipment
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
X25
- defines procedures and protocols needed to establish, maintain and
terminate the connections.
- defines services to provide functions such as reverse charge, call direct and
delay control
- referred as subscriber networks protocol
- uses virtual circuit approach to packet switching and uses asynchronous
TDM to multiplex the packets
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
X25 Protocol Stack
• consists of three layers:
- physical layer (X.21),
- frame layer (LAPB), and
- packet layer (PLP).
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
X25 Protocol Stack: Physical layer
- At this layer, X25 specifies X.21 protocol. It is similar to other physical layer
protocols such as EIA 232.
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
X25 Protocol Stack: Frame layer
- At this layer, X25 provides data link control using LAPB, which is subset of
HDLC protocol.
• LAPB is a bit oriented protocol
- The communication is point to point and in asynchronous balanced mode.
- Address for DTE: 00000001
- Address for DCE: 00000011
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
X25 Protocol Stack: Frame layer
• There are three types of frames:
- I-frames are used to encapsulate PLP packets from the upper layer
- S-frame is used for error control and flow control
- U-frame is used to set up and disconnect the connection between DTE and
DCE
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
X25 Protocol Stack: Frame layer
• There are three phases to establish communication between DTE and DCE:
- Link setup
- Transferring data
- Link Disconnect
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
X25 Protocol Stack: Packet layer
- The network layer in X25 is called the packet layer protocol or PLP layer.
- establishes the connection to transfer the data and to terminate the
connection.
- creates virtual circuit and to negotiate network services between two DTEs
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
X25 Protocol Stack: Packet layer
- PLP packets will have 3-4 bytes of header and optional information fields.

- PLP Packet = Header + User data/control frame/No data

- Header = GFI (4 bits) , LCN (12 bits), PTI (8 bits or 16 bits)
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
X25 Protocol Stack: Packet layer
- GFI or General Format Identifier is a 4 bit field.
- The first bit (Q bit, Qualifier) defined source of control information. 0 for
PLP and 1 for upper layer protocol.
- The D bit(Delivery) defines which device should acknowledge the packet 0
for local DCE, 1 for remote DTE. The last two bits indicate size of sequence
number fields.
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
X25 Protocol Stack: Packet layer
- LCN or Logical Channel Number is a 12 bit field which identifies virtual
circuit chosen for the transmission.

- PTI or Packet Type Identifier defines the type of packet, data packet or
control packet (RR, RNR, REJ etc.).
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network
- a packet switched network consisting of DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)
and DCE (Data Circuit Terminating Equipment)
- Developed for ISDN, but widely used in public and private non ISDN
networks.
- Higher throughput compare to X.25 protocol.
- No hop to hop flow control or error control. Upper layer protocols should
take care to detect and recover discarded frames.
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network
- Multiplexing and switching of logical connections are taken care by layer 2
and not layer-3.
- Control signals are carried out by separate logical connection than user
data.
- Supports multiple protocols such as NetBIOS, ATM, TCP/IP, voice etc.
- Each connection is identified by unique DLCI(Data link connection
identifier).
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network: Frame-Standard, LMI frame types
- The Data information to be transmitted over frame relay network is
encapsulated in a frame which uses only 2-5 bytes of overhead
- Standard frame relay frame consists of start flag, header, data (variable
length up to 16000 octets), FCS and end Flag.
- Start flag and end flag are used for frame delimiters or as frame
synchronization.
- FCS is used as checksum for detecting errors.
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network: Frame-Standard
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network: LMI frame types
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network: Topology
• Peer (point-to-point),
• Star (hub and spoke),
• Partial mesh, and
• Full mesh
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network: Service
- provides user with multiple independent data links to one or more
destination stations
- provides service similar to leased line
- typically available at fractional and full T1/E1 rates
- also offered at T3 rates by some of the frame relay vendors
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network: Switch, frame relay configuration and FRAD device

- Ports are mapped with DLCI values

- two tables used in frame relay configuration which is
frame relay map and frame relay switching table
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network: Switch, frame relay configuration and FRAD device

Frame relay map

- Consists of two fields the IP address and DLCI values.
- a table stored in RAM which defines remote interface
(IP address) to which specific DLCI number is mapped.
- can be made automatically or manually depending
upon frame relay topology.
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network: Switch, frame relay configuration and FRAD device

Frame switching table

- Consists of four fields the IN_Port, IN_DLCI, OUT_Port, and OUT_DLCI.
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network: Switch, frame relay configuration and FRAD device

Frame Relay Assembler and Disassembler

- a specialized device which is designed to provide connection between LAN
and Frame Relay WAN (Wide Area Network).
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network: Advantages
• As there is no error detection incorporated in frame relay, greater speeds
can be achieved.
• It can dynamically allocate bandwidth on need basis.
• Congestion control mechanism is implemented in frame relay. This reduces
network overhead in the network. It implements two congestion
notification mechanisms (FECN, BECN) as mentioned above. During
congestion condition, these fields are set to '1'.
Examples of networks that
uses PSDN
Frame Relay Network: Disadvantages
• It does not perform flow control and error control. This has to be taken care
by upper layers.
CCITT X.25 User-to-Network
Interface Protocol
• Designated by the CCITT in 1976 as the international standard for packet
network access.
• Addresses the ISO physical, data-link, and network layers.
• PHYSICAL LAYER STANDARDS:
- X.21, X.26, X.27
- EIA RS-232, RS-423A, RS-422A
CCITT X.25 User-to-Network
Interface Protocol
• Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAPB)
- A subset of HDLC that provides for two-way, full-duplex communications between DTE
and DCE at the packet network gateway.
• DATA-LINK LAYER STANDARDS:
- HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control Protocol)
- ANSI 3.66 ADCP (Advanced Data Communications Control Procedures)
CCITT X.25 User-to-Network
Interface Protocol
LAPB COMMANDS
CCITT X.25 User-to-Network
Interface Protocol
LAPB RESPONSES
CCITT X.25 SWITCHING
SERVICES
PERMANENT VIRTUAL CIRCUIT
- Logically equivalent to a two-point dedicated private line circuit except
slower because no hardwired circuit is provided.
- Appropriate switches and circuits must be established through the network
to provide interconnection
- Identifies the routing between two predetermined network subscribers
which will be used for all subsequent messages.
CCITT X.25 SWITCHING
SERVICES
VIRTUAL CALL
- Logically equivalent to making a telephone call through the DDD network
except no direct end-to-end connection is made.
- Temporary virtual connections that use common usage equipment and
circuits.
- It is a one to many arrangement or point-to-multipoint.
CCITT X.25 SWITCHING
SERVICES
DATAGRAM
- Consists of self-contained packets that travel through the network
independent of other packets of the same message by whatever means
possible.
- The network does not acknowledge the packets nor ensure successful
transmission.
- Reliable only when a message can fit into a single packet.
- Called a single-packet-per-segment protocol.
CCITT X.25 PACKET
FORMAT
CALL REQUEST PACKET
– Format Identifier – Calling Address
– Logical Channel Identifier (LCI) – Facilities Length Field
– Packet Type – Facilities Field
– Calling Address Length – Protocol Identifier
– Called Address Length – User Data Field
– Called Address
CCITT X.25 PACKET
FORMAT
CALL REQUEST PACKET
Format Identifier
- identifies whether the packet is a new call request or a previously
established call.
Logical Channel Identifier (LCI)
- a 12 bit binary number that identifies the source and destination users for a
given virtual call.
Called Address Length
- same as the calling address field except that it identifies the number of
digits that appear in the called address field
CCITT X.25 PACKET
FORMAT
CALL REQUEST PACKET
Packet Type
CCITT X.25 PACKET
FORMAT
CALL REQUEST PACKET
Calling Address
- same as the called address field except that it contains up to 15 BCD.
Called Address
- it contains the destination address.
Facilities Length Field
- identifies the number of eight bit octets present in the facilities field.
Protocol Identifier
- 32 bit field is reserved for the subscriber to insert user level protocol.
CCITT X.25 PACKET
FORMAT
DATA TRANSFER PACKET
- Similar to a call request packet except for considerably less overhead and a
much larger user data field.
- Also includes two additional fields namely:
• Send Packet Sequence Field
• Receive Packet Sequence Field
ITU-T X SERIES OF
RECOMMENDED STANDARDS
X.1-X.39 X.40-X.199
Deals with services and facilities, Deals with Network architecture,
terminals, and interfaces. transmission, signaling, switching,
maintenance, and administrative
arrangements.
Differences between
PSTN, PSDN, and ISDN
PSTN-Public Switched Telephone
Network
- It uses circuit switching.
- Bandwidth is reserved in advance.
- Dedicated path is established
Between calling party and called party.
- cost is based on distance and call
duration or time.
Differences between
PSTN, PSDN, and ISDN
PSDN-Public Switched Data Network

- • It is designed and developed

specifically for data transmission
rather than voice.
- • Communication is shared
i.e. many companies share switching
network.
- • It uses packet switching.
- • It acquires and releases bandwidth as needed.
Differences between
PSTN, PSDN, and ISDN
ISDN-Integrated Services Digital
Network
- BRI provides two number of 64 Kbps channel
and single 16 kbps control channel. Total data
rate supported by BRI is 144 Kbps.
- PRI provides 23 number of 64 kbps channel and
single 64 kbps control channel. Total data rate
supported by PRI is 1.544 Mbps.
THANK
YOU…
Presentati on ends here
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