Architecture

Art or science of designing and constructing buildings or structures

with durable materials following certain standards, so as to make
them suited to their purpose, and at the same time , are also visually
and aesthetically pleasing, practical and comfortable.
Structural Systems in Architecture
Shell System- one
building material
provides both structural
support and
sheathing(outside
covering)
Ex.brick, stone or adobe
buildings, and log cabins
Structural Systems in Architecture
Skeleton-and-skin
system- building with a
rigid bony skeleton to
support its basic frame
and a more fragile skin
for sheathing.
Kinds of Architecture According to the
Medium Used
Stone Architecture-
stone is massive and
virtually indestructible.

Ex. Houses, domes,

edifices
 Kinds of Architecture According to the
Medium Used
Stone Architecture
A. Post and Lintel
Construction-most
elementary structural
method, based on two
uprights (the posts)
supporting a horizontal
crosspiece (the lintel or
beam)
Ex. Stonehenge
 Kinds of Architecture According to the
Medium Used
Stone Architecture
B. Arches-a curved or
pointed structure
consisting wedge-shaped
blocks that span an open
space and support the
weight of material above
by transferring the load
outward and downward
over two vertical supports
and piers.
 Kinds of Architecture According to the
Medium Used
Stone Architecture
C. Vaults- extended arch
1. Barrel Vault-a roofed-
over space or tunnel
constructed as an
elongated arch.
2. Groin Vault- results
when two barrel vaults are
crossed at right angles to
each other, thus directing
the weights and stresses
down into the four corners.
 Kinds of Architecture According
to the Medium Used
Stone Architecture
D. Domes- architectural
structure generally in
the shape of a
hemisphere, or half
globe.
 Kinds of Architecture According to the
Medium Used
Wood Architecture-
versatile and lightweight
A. Post and Beam
Construction-vertical
and horizontal timbres
are cut and pieced
together with wooden
pegs
 Kinds of Architecture According to the
Medium Used
Wood Architecture
B. Trusses- lengths of
wood, iron or steel
pieced together in
triangular shape
 Kinds of Architecture According to the
Medium Used
Wood Architecture
C. Balloon Framing- a
wooden skeleton of a
building constructed
from prefabricated studs
and nails.
 Kinds of Architecture According to the
Medium Used
Cast- Iron
Architecture- iron has a
great strength and heavy
and used as material to
build the first tall
buildings.
Ex. Eiffel tower
 Kinds of Architecture According to the
Medium Used
Steel-Frame
Architecture- steel is a
strong metal of iron
alloyed with small
amounts of carbon and a
variety of other metals.
 Kinds of Architecture According to the
Medium Used
Reinforced Concrete
(ferroconcrete)-
method of building that
uses concrete that is
strengthened by steel
rods or mesh.
 Kinds of Architecture According to the
Medium Used
Steel-Cable
Architecture- method
of building that uses
strong cables composed
of intertwined steel wire.
 Architectural Planning
Orientation- the maximum use and control of the effects
of sun, wind, rainfall, and other elements of nature.
Design- the modification to mitigate the effects of the
natural forces
Fenestration- control and distribution of windows for
light, ventilation and heating.
Walls- for insulation and heating control
Colors- used to practical and expressive qualities.
Materials and techniques- depend on the nature of the
materials used and their intended purposes.
 History of Architecture
Primitive Architecture
The people during the
Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age
live in caves. During the New
Stone or Neolithic period, when
man learned to domesticate
animal sound or and cultivate
crops for food they began to
build homes to protect family
from weather and other hostile
elements. The primitive builders
learned that round or oval
buildings were the easiest
structures to construct.
 History of Architecture
Egyptian Architecture
The Egyptians believed
in after life thus they
mastered
mummification for the
preservation of the
human body. The
Egyptian kings or
Pharaohs build pyramids
as their eternal tombs.
 History of Architecture
Greek Architecture
A. Cretan Period-an
example during this
period is the elaborate
palace of King Minos at
Knossos, Crete
 History of Architecture
Mycenaean Period-
palaces built in Mycenae
surrounded by heavy
fortresses for defensive
purposes called
“Clyclopean walls”
 History of Architecture
Classic Greek-
architectural structures
during this period are
concentrated in Athens,
Greece, where the most
outstanding ones were in
the Acropolis.
 History of Architecture
Three Types of Greek
Columns
1. Doric Style- no base,
nothing separating it
from the floor below, its
capital, the topmost part
between the shaft of the
column and the floor or
lintel is plain stone slab
above a rounded stone.
 History of Architecture
Three Types of Greek
Columns
Ionic Column- a
stepped base and a
carved capital in the
form of two graceful
spirals known as
volutes.
 History of Architecture
Three Types of Greek
Columns
Corinthian Column-
more detailed base and a
capital carved as s
stylized bouquet of
acanthus leaves.
 History of Architecture
Roman Architecture-
The first to use bricks
and cement and were
able to develop a variety
of architecture that can
be seen in their public
buildings: the Colliseum,
basilicas, arches,
aqueducts,
amphitheaters.
 History of Architecture
Roman Architecture
groined vault- the most
important engineering
invention in Roman
 History of Architecture
Roman Architecture
Atrium- Romans’
contribution to domestic
dwellings
 History of Architecture
Roman Architecture
Types of Roman
Columns:
1. Tuscan Column-
Dorit capital with base
and plain shaft
 History of Architecture
Roman Architecture
Types of Roman
Columns:
2. Composite Column-
combined Ionic-
Corinthian capital, with
base and fluted shaft
 History of Architecture
Byzantine
Architecture- a typical
feature found in
practically Byzantine
churches was the
iconostasis (picture of
sacred subject painted on
a wooden panel) and the
floor plan was based on
the Greek cross
Ex. Hagia Sophia Church
 History of Architecture
Romanesque
Architecture- marked by
crude, powerful stonework ,
and heavy walls, projecting
a fortress-like impression.
It introduced the ribbed
vault, which facilitated
height and width, paving
the way for the Gothic.
Ex. Church of Sainte Foy,
France
 History of Architecture
Gothic Architecture- it used
the ribbed vault, flying
buttresses, pointed arches,
steep roofs. There is an
emphasis on the vertical, with
galleries and arcades replacing
internal walls and extensive
use of glass. Gothic
architecture is particularly
adapted in religious buildings
and at times referred to as
Christian Church architecture.
Ex. Chartres Cathedral
History of Architecture
Renaissance
Architecture-
characterized by the
adaptation of the classical
ideals of order and design,
particularly Roman style-
harmonious repetition of
details, the use of
horizontal lines and
delicate carvings.
Ex. Church of Sant’ Andrea
in Mantua
 History of Architecture
Baroque Architecture-
similar with Renaissance
although, often it was far
more spacious and had
the impression of
movement and activity .
Ex. Facade of San Carlo
alle Quattro Fontane
 Modern Architecture
Usage of new construction materials
Hydraulic and steel cable elevators made higher
structures possible. Escalators are used in lieu of the
traditional stairways.
The prohibitive cost of land in urban centers brought
the introduction of skyscrapers.
New methods such as reinforced concrete, skeleton
construction and cantilever construction were
introduced in architectural processes.
 Philippine Architecture
Bahay Kubo-made of
bamboo,nipa,cogon and
talahib- the most
common construction
material available in
Luzon and Visayas.
 Philippine Architecture
Vigan House- set on
cobbled stone streets with
brick walls, tiled roofs,
elaborate grill work, stone,
arches, colonnades, Capiz
shell windows, barandillas,
brass nails, wooden doors
and floors, concrete walls,
jalousies and ceramic
balustrades. The parts of
the house are sala, azotea,
and verandillas.
Philippine Architecture
Batanes (Ivatan)
Houses- two and a half
feet thick stone and lime
wall with thick thatched
roof of cogon resistance
to typhoons. The parts of
the house consists of
rakuh(living room) and
kitchen
 Philippine Architecture
Bahay na Bato- a synthesis
of native and western style
with sawali ceiling, Capiz
shells, Philippine wood
such as narra, molave,
kamagong,mahogany;
bricks, tiles from clay,
volcano turf adobe stones,
ventanilla, banguerra (dish
rack), sahig, media-agua,
and barandillas.