Chapter 7

Stacks

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 Chapter Objectives
• Learn about stacks
• Examine various stack operations
• Learn how to implement a stack as an array
• Learn how to implement a stack as a linked list
• Discover stack applications
• Learn to use a stack to remove recursion
• Become aware of the STL class stack

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 Stacks
• Definition: list of homogeneous elements,
wherein the addition and deletion of
elements occur only at one end, called the
top of the stack
• Last In First Out (LIFO) data structure
• Used to implement function calls
• Used to convert recursive algorithms
(especially not tail recursive) into
nonrecursive algorithms
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Various Types of Stacks

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 LIFO
• Last In First Out (LIFO) data structure
– Top element of stack is last element to be added
to stack
– Elements added and removed from one end
(top)
– Item added last are removed first

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Empty Stack

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Stack Operations

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 Basic Operations on a Stack
• initializeStack: Initializes the stack to an
empty state
• destroyStack: Removes all the elements
from the stack, leaving the stack empty
• isEmptyStack: Checks whether the stack is
empty. If empty, it returns true; otherwise, it
returns false

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 Basic Operations on a Stack
• isFullStack: Checks whether the stack is full. If
full, it returns true; otherwise, it returns false
• push:
– Add new element to the top of the stack
– The input consists of the stack and the new element.
– Prior to this operation, the stack must exist and must
not be full

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 Basic Operations on a Stack
• top: Returns the top element of the stack.
Prior to this operation, the stack must exist
and must not be empty.
• pop: Removes the top element of the stack.
Prior to this operation, the stack must exist
and must not be empty.

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Example of a Stack

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Empty Stack

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 initializeStack and destroyStack
template<class Type>
void stackType<Type>::initializeStack()
{
stackTop = 0;
}//end initializeStack

template<class Type>
void stackType<Type>::destroyStack()
{
stackTop = 0;
}//end destroyStack
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 emptyStack and fullStack
template<class Type>
bool stackType<Type>::isEmptyStack()
{
return(stackTop == 0);
}//end isEmptyStack

template<class Type>
bool stackType<Type>::isFullStack()
{
return(stackTop == maxStackSize);
}//end isFullStack
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 Push

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 Push
template<class Type>
void stackType<Type>::push(const Type& newItem)
{
if(!isFullStack())
{
list[stackTop] = newItem; //add newItem at the top
//of the stack
stackTop++; //increment stackTop
}
else
cerr<<"Cannot add to a full stack."<<endl;
}//end push

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 Return Top Element
template<class Type>
Type stackType<Type>::top()
{
assert(stackTop != 0); //if the stack is empty,
//terminate the program
return list[stackTop - 1]; //return the element of the
//stack indicated by
//stackTop - 1
}//end top

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 Pop
template<class Type>
void stackType<Type>::pop()
{
if(!isEmptyStack())
stackTop-; //decrement stackTop
else
cerr<<"Cannot remove from an empty stack."<<endl;
}//end pop

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 Pop

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 copyStack
template<class Type>
void stackType<Type>::copyStack(const stackType<Type>& otherStack)
{
delete [] list;
maxStackSize = otherStack.maxStackSize;
stackTop = otherStack.stackTop;

list = new Type[maxStackSize];

assert(list != NULL);

//copy otherStack into this stack

for(int j = 0; j < stackTop; j++)
list[j] = otherStack.list[j];
}//end copyStack

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 Copy Constructor

template<class Type>
stackType<Type>::stackType(const stackType<Type>& otherStack)
{
list = NULL;
copyStack(otherStack);
}//end copy constructor

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 Overloading the Assignment
Operator (=)
template<class Type>
const stackType<Type>& stackType<Type>::operator=
(const stackType<Type>& otherStack)
{
if(this != &otherStack) //avoid self-copy
copyStack(otherStack);
return *this;
}//end operator=

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Time-Complexity of Operations
of class stackType

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 Stack Header File
//Header file: myStack.h

#ifndef H_StackType
#define H_StackType

#include <iostream>
#include <cassert>

using namespace std;

//Place the definition of the class template stackType, as given

//previously in this chapter, here.

//Place the definitions of the member functions, as discussed in

//this chapter, here.
#endif
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Programming Example: Highest
GPA
Input The program reads an input file consisting of each
student’s GPA, followed by the student’s name. Sample
data is:

3.8 Lisa
3.6 John
3.9 Susan
3.7 Kathy
3.4 Jason
3.9 David
3.4 Jack
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 Programming Example: Highest
GPA (Algorithm)
1. Declare the variables.
2. Open the input file.
3. If the input file does not exist, exit the program.
4. Set the output of the floating-point numbers to a
fixed decimal format with a decimal point and
trailing zeroes. Also, set the precision to two
decimal places.
5. Read the GPA and student name.
6. highestGPA = GPA;
7. Initialize the stack.
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 Programming Example: Highest
GPA (Algorithm)
8. while (not end of file)
{
8.1 if (GPA > highestGPA)
{
8.1.1 destroyStack(stack);
8.1.2 push(stack, student name);
8.1.3 highestGPA = GPA;
}
8.2 else
if(GPA is equal to highestGPA)
push(stack, student name);
8.3 Read the GPA and student name;
}

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 Programming Example: Highest
GPA (Algorithm)

9. Output the highest GPA.

10. Output the names of the students having the highest
GPA.

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 Programming Example: Highest
GPA (Sample Run)
Input File (Ch7_HighestGPAData.txt)
3.4 Holt
3.2 Bolt
2.5 Colt
3.4 Tom
3.8 Ron
3.8 Mickey
3.6 Pluto
3.5 Donald
3.8 Cindy
3.7 Dome
3.9 Andy
3.8 Fox
3.9 Minnie
2.7 Goofy
3.9 Doc
3.4 Danny

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 Programming Example: Highest
GPA (Sample Run)
Output

Highest GPA = 3.90

The students holding the highest GPA are:
Doc
Minnie
Andy

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 Empty and Nonempty
Linked Stack

Empty linked stack Nonempty linked stack

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 Default Constructor

template<class Type> //default constructor

linkedStackType<Type>::linkedStackType()
{
stackTop = NULL;
}

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 Destroy Stack
template<class Type>
void linkedStackType<Type>::destroyStack()
{
nodeType<Type> *temp; //pointer to delete the node

while(stackTop != NULL) //while there are elements

//in the stack
{
temp = stackTop; //set temp to point to
//the current node
stackTop = stackTop->link; //advance stackTop
//to the next node
delete temp; //deallocate the memory
//occupied by temp
}
}//end destroyStack

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 initializeStack and isStackEmpty
template<class Type>
void linkedStackType<Type>:: initializeStack()
{
destroyStack();
}
template<class Type>
bool linkedStackType<Type>::isEmptyStack()
{
return(stackTop == NULL);
}
template<class Type>
bool linkedStackType<Type>::isFullStack()
{
return false;

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 Push

Stack before the push Stack and newNode

operation

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 Push

Stack after the statement Stack after the statement

newNode->link = stackTop; stackTop = newNode;
executes executes

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 Return Top Element
template<class Type>
Type linkedStackType<Type>::top()
{
assert(stackTop != NULL); //if the stack is empty,
//terminate the program
return stackTop->info; //return the top element
}//end top

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 Pop

Stack before the pop operation

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 Pop

Stack after the statements temp = stackTop; Stack after the statement delete temp;
and stackTop = stackTop->link; execute executes

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 Application of Stacks:
Postfix Expression Calculator
• Prefix/Polish Notation
• Suffix/Postfix/Reverse Polish Notation

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 Application of Stacks:
Postfix Expression Calculator

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 Application of Stacks:
Postfix Expression Calculator

Stack after pushing 6 Stack after retrieving the top two elements
and popping twice

Stack after pushing 3 Stack after pushing the result of op1 +

op2, which is 9
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 Application of Stacks:
Postfix Expression Calculator

Stack after pushing 2 Stack after pushing the result of op1 *

op2, which is 18

Stack after retrieving the top two elements Stack after popping the element
and popping twice
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Postfix Expression Calculator (Main Algorithm)

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Nonrecursive Algorithm to Print
Linked List

current = first; //Line 1

while(current != NULL) //Line 2
{
stack.push(current); //Line 3
current = current->link; //Line 4
}

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List After Execution of Statement
current = first;

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Repeated Execution of:
stack.push(current);
current = current->link;

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 STL class stack
(Stack Container Adapter)
• Standard Template Library (STL) provides
a class to implement a stack in a program
• Name of the class defining a stack is stack
• Name of the header file containing the
definition of the class stack is stack

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Operations on a stack Object

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 Chapter Summary
• Stack Data Structure
• Last In First Out (LIFO)
• Stacks Implemented as Arrays
• Stacks Implemented as Linked Lists
• Postfix Expression Calculator
• Nonrecursive Algorithm to Print Linked List
• STL class stack

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