Modern Surveying Techniques

GIS

GPS

RS

PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Lecture outline

• History
• Definition
• Importance's
• Applications
• Types
• The first known aerial photograph was taken in 1858 by
French photographer and balloonist, Gaspar Felix
Tournachon, known as "Nadar".
• It was a view of the French village of Petit-Becetre taken
from a hot-air balloon, 80 meters above the ground.
• Besides hot air balloons, early pioneers also used kites,
pigeons and rockets to carry their cameras aloft.
• The English meteorologist E. D. Archibald was among the
first to take successful photographs from kites in 1882
• In California, the devastation of San Francisco after the 1906
earthquake and fire was captured by George R. Lawrence,
using a camera attached to a string of kites high above the
city.
• Lawrence also used ladders and high towers to capture
lower level "aerial" photographs.
• In 1903, Julius Neubranner designed a tiny breast-mounted
camera for pigeons to carry messages and for aerial
reconnaissance
• The first successful aerial photograph from a rocket
mounted camera was taken by the Swedish inventor, Alfred
Nobel in 1897
• In 1906, Albert Maul in Germany able to take an aerial
photograph from a height of 2,600 feet
• Following the end of the war, the aerial camera was turned
to non-military purposes. Sherman Fairchild took a series of
overlapping photographs and made an aerial map of
Manhattan Island. This aerial map became a commercial
success and was used by several New York City agencies and
businesses.
 Introduction
•The photogrammetry has been derived from three Greek
words:
• Photos: means light
• Gramma: means something drawn or written
• Metron: means to measure
•This definition, over the years, has been enhanced to include
interpretation as well as measurement with photographs.

photo

gramma

metron

photogrammetry
Definition
The art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical
objects and the environment through process of recording, measuring, and
interpreting photographic images and patterns of recorded radiant electromagnetic
energy and phenomenon (American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing (ASPRS)).
•Originally photogrammetry was considered as the science of analysing only
photographs.
•But now it also includes analysis of other records as well, such as radiated acoustical
energy patterns and magnetic phenomenon.
Definition of photogrammetry includes two areas:
(1) Metric:
It involves making precise measurements from photos and other information source to
determine, in general, relative location of points. Most common application:
preparation of plannimetric and topographic maps.
(2) Interpretative:
It involves recognition and identification of objects and judging their significance
through careful and systematic analysis. It includes photographic interpretation which
is the study of photographic images. It also includes interpretation of images acquired
in Remote Sensing using photographic images, MSS, Infrared, TIR, SLAR etc.
Why we want to know about photogrammetry;

Very precise
Time effective
Cost effective
Less manual effort
More geo-informative
Create three-dimensional model
Create topographic map
Applications of photogrammetry
Photogrammetry has been used in several areas. The following description give an
overview of various applications areas of photogrammetry (Rampal, 1982)
(1) Geology:
Structural geology, investigation of water resources, analysis of thermal patterns on
earth's surface, geomorphological studies including investigations of shore features.
•engineering geology
•stratigraphics studies
•general geologic applications
•study of luminescence phenomenon
•recording and analysis of catastrophic events
•earthquakes, floods, and eruption.
(2) Forestry:
Timber inventories, cover maps, acreage studies
(3) Agriculture
Soil type, soil conservation, crop planting, crop disease, crop-acreage.
(4) Design and construction
Data needed for site and route studies specifically for alternate schemes for
photogrammetry. Used in design and construction of dams, bridges, transmission lines.
(5) Planning of cities and highways
New highway locations, detailed design of construction contracts, planning of civic
improvements.
(6) Environmental Studies
Land-use studies.
(7) Exploration
To identify and zero down to areas for various exploratory jobs such as oil or mineral
exploration.
(8) Military intelligence
(9) Medicine and surgery
Stereoscopic measurements on human body, X-ray photogrammetry in location of
foreign material in body and location and examinations of fractures and grooves,
biostereometrics.
(10) Miscellaneous
Crime detection, traffic studies, oceanography, meteorological observation,
Architectural and archaeological surveys, contouring beef cattle for animal husbandry
etc
Data acquisition Photogrammetric procedures Photogrammetric products

stereo plotter maps

Terrestrial Aerial Photogrammetry

Photographs are
Photographs are taken by a camera
taken from fixed mounted in an
position on or aircraft flying over
near the ground the area